Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 1 2025 03 21 Biomass estimation of wheat fields using remote sensing plant indices in Bandar-e-Turkmen county Biomass estimation of wheat fields using remote sensing plant indices in Bandar-e-Turkmen county 1 16 6957 10.22069/jopp.2024.21762.3072 FA Maral Niazmoradi Ph.D. Graduate of Agronomy, Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Hossein Kazemi Corresponding Author, Professor, Dept. of Horticulture, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Javid Gherekhloo Professor, Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Afshin Soltani Professor, Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. 0000-0002-6941-4047 Behnam Kamkar Professor, Dept. of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Journal Article 2023 09 21 Background and objectives: Estimating crop acreage and yield at the global level is one of the most critical issues that policy makers and decision makers need to assess annual crop productivity and food supply. Nowadays, satellite remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) can make it possible to continuously estimate and monitor these parameters of crop production in large geographical areas and in this way also examine the health of fields.<br /><br />Materials and methods: In order to estimate the biomass of wheat fields using remote sensing plant indices, 59 wheat fields were selected in the agricultural year of 2019-2020 with random and uniform distribution in the agricultural lands of Bandar Turkmen county. On April 25, 2019, coinciding with the peak of vegetative growth of wheat, plant samples were collected from the fields using a 0.25 square meter box and their dry weight was weighed. In this research, Sentinel-2 satellite images related to the nearest sampling time of April 31 were used to calculate NDVI, SAVI, DVI and RVI plant indices. Next, the regression relationship between the measured biomass values and plant index values was investigated and analyzed. <br /><br />Results: Based on the comparison results of the studied plant index, RVI index was recognized as the best plant index. This index had the highest explanation coefficient (0.885) and correlation coefficient (0.941) and the lowest RMSE values (32.21) and coefficient of variation (5.1) compared to other indices. Therefore, this index was used to establish a regression relationship with the amount of wheat plant biomass. Then, using this relationship, the amount of plant biomass obtained from the satellite image was estimated. Based on the results, the strong regression relationship between the measured biomass and the estimated biomass indicates the high efficiency of the used satellite images and telemetry indicators in the estimation of plant biomass. The RVI map in the studied agricultural lands showed the lowest level of this index in the west and northwest of the county equal to 0.44. High soil salinity and high water table in these areas can be a reason for less vegetation in these areas and as a result the low value of RVI index in these places. This map showed higher values of this index (27.46) in the central, eastern and southeastern regions of the county. The high values of this index indicate the dense vegetation cover in these areas, which can be attributed to the high percentage of carbon and organic matter in the soil, the abundance and appropriate distribution of precipitation, optimal fields management, lower soil salinity, proper soil nutrition and other factors.<br /><br />Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the higher RVI plant index and the subsequent higher biomass production can indicate the favorable condition of wheat health and crop growth in Bandar-e-Turkmen fields. Background and objectives: Estimating crop acreage and yield at the global level is one of the most critical issues that policy makers and decision makers need to assess annual crop productivity and food supply. Nowadays, satellite remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) can make it possible to continuously estimate and monitor these parameters of crop production in large geographical areas and in this way also examine the health of fields.<br /><br />Materials and methods: In order to estimate the biomass of wheat fields using remote sensing plant indices, 59 wheat fields were selected in the agricultural year of 2019-2020 with random and uniform distribution in the agricultural lands of Bandar Turkmen county. On April 25, 2019, coinciding with the peak of vegetative growth of wheat, plant samples were collected from the fields using a 0.25 square meter box and their dry weight was weighed. In this research, Sentinel-2 satellite images related to the nearest sampling time of April 31 were used to calculate NDVI, SAVI, DVI and RVI plant indices. Next, the regression relationship between the measured biomass values and plant index values was investigated and analyzed. <br /><br />Results: Based on the comparison results of the studied plant index, RVI index was recognized as the best plant index. This index had the highest explanation coefficient (0.885) and correlation coefficient (0.941) and the lowest RMSE values (32.21) and coefficient of variation (5.1) compared to other indices. Therefore, this index was used to establish a regression relationship with the amount of wheat plant biomass. Then, using this relationship, the amount of plant biomass obtained from the satellite image was estimated. Based on the results, the strong regression relationship between the measured biomass and the estimated biomass indicates the high efficiency of the used satellite images and telemetry indicators in the estimation of plant biomass. The RVI map in the studied agricultural lands showed the lowest level of this index in the west and northwest of the county equal to 0.44. High soil salinity and high water table in these areas can be a reason for less vegetation in these areas and as a result the low value of RVI index in these places. This map showed higher values of this index (27.46) in the central, eastern and southeastern regions of the county. The high values of this index indicate the dense vegetation cover in these areas, which can be attributed to the high percentage of carbon and organic matter in the soil, the abundance and appropriate distribution of precipitation, optimal fields management, lower soil salinity, proper soil nutrition and other factors.<br /><br />Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the higher RVI plant index and the subsequent higher biomass production can indicate the favorable condition of wheat health and crop growth in Bandar-e-Turkmen fields. https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_6957_289ffc8b69f2c9a197af4fd051a8eb14.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 1 2025 03 21 Evaluation of the effect of silicon and nanosilicon on photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence indices of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad under drought stress Evaluation of the effect of silicon and nanosilicon on photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence indices of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad under drought stress 17 38 7221 10.22069/jopp.2024.21853.3083 FA Elham Sabzian Molai Ph.D. Student of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Khodayar Hemmati Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Hasan Mumivand Associate Prof., Dept. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran Journal Article 2023 10 27 Background and Objective: Drought is one of the most important factors restricting agricultural production, which seriously affects crop yield. Water deficit in plants leads to disturbance in physiological processes such as reduction of photosynthesis. Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust, which plays a role in plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, according to the medicinal importance of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad, the objective of this experiment is to investigation the effect of silicon and nanosilicon on leaf length and width traits, photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad under drought stress. <br />Material and Methods: this experiment was performed as factorial based on the randomized complete design in three replications under greenhouse conditions. The factors include drought stress in three levels of severe stress, medium stress and none stress respectively (50-60, 70-80 and 90-100% of soil moisture based on field capacity) and silicon foliar spraying in five levels (0, 50 and 100 mg/L of silicon, 50 and 100 mg/L of nanosilicon).<br />Results: The interaction effect of silicon and drought stress on leaf width, all chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and concentration of photosynthetic pigments except carotenoid was significant(p<0.05). The highest amount leaf width was obtained in the treatment of none stress with foliar spraying of 50 mg/l silicon. the highest contents of chl-a and total chlorophyll was obtained in the treatment of nanosilicon 50 mg/L under none stress and the highest amount of chlorophyll b was achieved with the treatment of nanosilicon 50 and silicon 100 mg/L under none stress treatment. The lowest amount of minimal fluorescence (F0) belonged to the control treatment and the highest amount of maximal fluorescence (Fm) and variable fluorescence (FV) was observed under medium stress without foliar. Silicon 50, 100 mg/L and nanosilicon 50 mg/L treatments in none stress in addition to zero and 50 mg/L silicon concentrations in medium stress had the highest maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). The highest efficiency of water splitting system (Fv/F0) was observed in silicon 50 mg/L treatment under none stress. The highest electron transport flux per RC (ET0/RC) was obtained in the treatment of 100 mg/L nanosilicon in none stress. The highest trapped energy flux per RC (TR0/RC) and dissipated energy flux per RC (DI0/RC) were obtained under severe stress without foliar spraying. The highest quantum yield of electron transport (ɸE0) was observed in control, silicon 50 and 100 mg/L and nanosilicon 50 mg/L treatments under medium stress. <br />Conclusion: Severe drought stress caused a decrease in photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence indices, and the application of silicon and nanosilicon improved the destructive effects of drought stress on the amount of photosynthetic pigments and fluorescence indices. Background and Objective: Drought is one of the most important factors restricting agricultural production, which seriously affects crop yield. Water deficit in plants leads to disturbance in physiological processes such as reduction of photosynthesis. Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust, which plays a role in plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, according to the medicinal importance of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad, the objective of this experiment is to investigation the effect of silicon and nanosilicon on leaf length and width traits, photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad under drought stress. <br />Material and Methods: this experiment was performed as factorial based on the randomized complete design in three replications under greenhouse conditions. The factors include drought stress in three levels of severe stress, medium stress and none stress respectively (50-60, 70-80 and 90-100% of soil moisture based on field capacity) and silicon foliar spraying in five levels (0, 50 and 100 mg/L of silicon, 50 and 100 mg/L of nanosilicon).<br />Results: The interaction effect of silicon and drought stress on leaf width, all chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and concentration of photosynthetic pigments except carotenoid was significant(p<0.05). The highest amount leaf width was obtained in the treatment of none stress with foliar spraying of 50 mg/l silicon. the highest contents of chl-a and total chlorophyll was obtained in the treatment of nanosilicon 50 mg/L under none stress and the highest amount of chlorophyll b was achieved with the treatment of nanosilicon 50 and silicon 100 mg/L under none stress treatment. The lowest amount of minimal fluorescence (F0) belonged to the control treatment and the highest amount of maximal fluorescence (Fm) and variable fluorescence (FV) was observed under medium stress without foliar. Silicon 50, 100 mg/L and nanosilicon 50 mg/L treatments in none stress in addition to zero and 50 mg/L silicon concentrations in medium stress had the highest maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). The highest efficiency of water splitting system (Fv/F0) was observed in silicon 50 mg/L treatment under none stress. The highest electron transport flux per RC (ET0/RC) was obtained in the treatment of 100 mg/L nanosilicon in none stress. The highest trapped energy flux per RC (TR0/RC) and dissipated energy flux per RC (DI0/RC) were obtained under severe stress without foliar spraying. The highest quantum yield of electron transport (ɸE0) was observed in control, silicon 50 and 100 mg/L and nanosilicon 50 mg/L treatments under medium stress. <br />Conclusion: Severe drought stress caused a decrease in photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence indices, and the application of silicon and nanosilicon improved the destructive effects of drought stress on the amount of photosynthetic pigments and fluorescence indices. https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_7221_96f18bda3827f5955cc0f7108eb494c8.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 1 2025 03 21 Evaluation of relationships between some developmental and biochemical traits of soybean under salt stress by canonical correlation analysis and ideal genotype selection index at seedling stage Evaluation of relationships between some developmental and biochemical traits of soybean under salt stress by canonical correlation analysis and ideal genotype selection index at seedling stage 39 61 6956 10.22069/jopp.2024.22129.3112 FA Bahram Masoudi Corresponding Author, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Seed and Plant Improvement Research, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2024 01 23 Introduction<br /><br />Soybean, like other legumes, is in the group of plants sensitive to salinity, and considering that, like other crops, it faces a decrease in yield under salinity stress conditions, therefore, it is important to discover the mechanisms that control the response of soybean to salinity and to select cultivars that do not face a decrease in yield under salinity conditions, from the aspect of agricultural and economic productivity. This study aimed to determine the relationships between traits related to seedling growth and biochemical traits and identify soybean genotypes that are tolerant to salt stress.<br /><br />Materials and methods<br /><br />Two separate randomized complete block designs, one for the control treatment with zero salinity and the other for the salinity treatment with 150 mM sodium chloride, were used to evaluate 30 soybean genotypes under hydroponic culture under greenhouse conditions at the seed and plant improvement institute, Karaj, Iran, in 2016. In this study, the following traits related to seedling growth and biochemical traits were investigated: leaf area index, stem height, root length, fresh and dry weight of both shoots and roots, chlorophyll content, salt injury index, the amount of sodium and potassium in shoots and roots, the ratio of potassium to sodium in shoots and roots, and the transfer ratio of sodium and potassium from roots to shoots. <br /><br />Results and discussion <br /><br />AMMI variance analyses showed that genotype, environment (salinity treatments), and their interactions significantly affected soybean shoot weight changes. The results showed that the effect of the environment on the shoot fresh weight was high. The changes in traits under stress conditions with normal conditions showed that we observed a decrease in most traits, except for the salt injury index, amount of sodium and potassium in shoots, amount of sodium in roots, and the transfer ratio of sodium and potassium from roots to shoots. Fresh and dry weight of shoots in both conditions had a positive and significant correlation with shoot height, root length, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of roots, and potassium to sodium ratio of shoots under stress conditions, and they also had a significant negative correlation with salt injury index and root sodium content under stress conditions. Canonical correlation analysis under salt stress conditions for the set of traits related to seedling growth in contrast to the set of biochemical traits led to the creation of a significant non-correlated variable, the first pair of variables were called "shoots characteristics" and "amount of sodium accumulation in shoots and the salt injury index" respectively. To select the best genotypes using all the examined traits under stress conditions, the selection index of ideal genotypes was used. Based on the SIIG index, the genotypes Lee, Vernal, LYON, l504, Crawford, and Douglas, which had the highest SIIG value, were among the genotypes that were tolerant to salinity. <br /><br />Conclusion<br /><br />When separating genotypes into tolerant and sensitive categories, both the canonical correlation analysis and ideal genotype selection index methods were very similar. Based on these traits, the genotypes were divided into tolerant and sensitive groups. Except for the chlorophyll content trait, the reactions of the remaining traits in the tolerant and sensitive genotypes were the same. The results showed that soybean genotypes tolerant to salinity have higher seedling height, leaf area, and shoot weight; on the other hand, they often have a lower salinity injury index and lower sodium content in the shoot. Introduction<br /><br />Soybean, like other legumes, is in the group of plants sensitive to salinity, and considering that, like other crops, it faces a decrease in yield under salinity stress conditions, therefore, it is important to discover the mechanisms that control the response of soybean to salinity and to select cultivars that do not face a decrease in yield under salinity conditions, from the aspect of agricultural and economic productivity. This study aimed to determine the relationships between traits related to seedling growth and biochemical traits and identify soybean genotypes that are tolerant to salt stress.<br /><br />Materials and methods<br /><br />Two separate randomized complete block designs, one for the control treatment with zero salinity and the other for the salinity treatment with 150 mM sodium chloride, were used to evaluate 30 soybean genotypes under hydroponic culture under greenhouse conditions at the seed and plant improvement institute, Karaj, Iran, in 2016. In this study, the following traits related to seedling growth and biochemical traits were investigated: leaf area index, stem height, root length, fresh and dry weight of both shoots and roots, chlorophyll content, salt injury index, the amount of sodium and potassium in shoots and roots, the ratio of potassium to sodium in shoots and roots, and the transfer ratio of sodium and potassium from roots to shoots. <br /><br />Results and discussion <br /><br />AMMI variance analyses showed that genotype, environment (salinity treatments), and their interactions significantly affected soybean shoot weight changes. The results showed that the effect of the environment on the shoot fresh weight was high. The changes in traits under stress conditions with normal conditions showed that we observed a decrease in most traits, except for the salt injury index, amount of sodium and potassium in shoots, amount of sodium in roots, and the transfer ratio of sodium and potassium from roots to shoots. Fresh and dry weight of shoots in both conditions had a positive and significant correlation with shoot height, root length, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of roots, and potassium to sodium ratio of shoots under stress conditions, and they also had a significant negative correlation with salt injury index and root sodium content under stress conditions. Canonical correlation analysis under salt stress conditions for the set of traits related to seedling growth in contrast to the set of biochemical traits led to the creation of a significant non-correlated variable, the first pair of variables were called "shoots characteristics" and "amount of sodium accumulation in shoots and the salt injury index" respectively. To select the best genotypes using all the examined traits under stress conditions, the selection index of ideal genotypes was used. Based on the SIIG index, the genotypes Lee, Vernal, LYON, l504, Crawford, and Douglas, which had the highest SIIG value, were among the genotypes that were tolerant to salinity. <br /><br />Conclusion<br /><br />When separating genotypes into tolerant and sensitive categories, both the canonical correlation analysis and ideal genotype selection index methods were very similar. Based on these traits, the genotypes were divided into tolerant and sensitive groups. Except for the chlorophyll content trait, the reactions of the remaining traits in the tolerant and sensitive genotypes were the same. The results showed that soybean genotypes tolerant to salinity have higher seedling height, leaf area, and shoot weight; on the other hand, they often have a lower salinity injury index and lower sodium content in the shoot. https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_6956_71a3147608ae4c2427df6d61e7766a04.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 1 2025 03 21 Monitoring the effects of bentazon, betanal progress and nicosulfuron herbicides on Kautsky curve changes Monitoring the effects of bentazon, betanal progress and nicosulfuron herbicides on Kautsky curve changes 63 76 6940 10.22069/jopp.2024.22162.3116 FA Ziba Avarseji Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Gonbad Kavous, Gonbad Kavous, Iran Ebrahim Gholamalipour Alamdari Associate Prof., Dept. of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Gonbad Kavous, Gonbad Kavous, Iran Abbas Biabani Professor, Dept. of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Gonbad Kavous, Gonbad Kavous, Iran Journal Article 2024 02 02 Background and objectives: A large part of the light is consumed by photosynthesis, and the rest is discharged as heat or fluorescence in plants. The more the plant's photochemical process, the lower the amount of fluorescence. For this reason, chlorophyll fluorescence acts as an internal probe of photosynthesis and is actually a common method in plant physiology. This research aims to investigate whether the changes in the shape of the kautsky curve affected by nicosulfuron, bethanal progress and bentazon herbicides have the ability to prove their site of action.<br /><br />Materials and methods: This experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 8 replications in 2023 in the Research Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Gonbad Kavous University. The treatments included applying the recommended dose of bentazon (Bazagran 48% SL), desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate (bethanal progress 27.4% EC) in addition to the treatment without herbicide as a control. In the case of nicosulfuron (Cruz 4% OD), a dose of 150% of the recommended dose was also added. Herbicides were applied at the 4-5 leaf stage of Amaranthus retroflexus and the plants were harvested 28 days after spraying (DAS) and their dry weight was measured. Fluorescence meter that emits light with a wavelength of 650 nm and an intensity of 3000 μmol photons per square meter per second measured chlorophyll fluorescence for 10 seconds, from dark adapted leaves for 30 minutes each day at 10:00 a.m.<br /><br />Results: results showed that the control Kautsky curve had all the stages of a normal Kautsky curve, but in the bentazon treatments, it started to change from the first DAS, and these changes became more obvious in the following days, so that on the fourth and fifth DAS, all its steps disappeared and became a straight line, and the amount of fluorescence also decreased. Nicosulfuron, had no effect on the shape of the Kautsky curve. for betanal progress, the standard form of the curve was disturbed and its steps were lost. Another point is the increase in the amount of chlorophyll fluorescence, which caused a decrease in the upper area of the kautsky curve between the minimum fluorescence (F0) and the maximum point of fluorescence (Fm), known as the Area parameter.<br /><br />Discussion: Inhibition of photosystem II is the primary effect of two herbicides, bentazon and betanal progress, which was clearly obtained from the shape of the corresponding curves, even the type of proteins involved.<br /><br />The disappearance of all the steps of the Kautsky curve in bentazon showed that all parts related to the reduction of quinone A and the protein pathway of electron transfer between quinone A and B were disturbed. In the betanal progress, the significant increase in chlorophyll fluorescence along with the fading of some curve steps, including J-I and I-P, caused a decrease in the value of the Area parameter, which indicates the destruction of the plastoquinone pool. While in nicosulfuron, Kautsky's curve was not able to provide enough evidence. The Katsky curve was a good indicator for early detection of the effects of PSII-inhibiting herbicides and determining their site of action, but it is not for nicosulfuron. Background and objectives: A large part of the light is consumed by photosynthesis, and the rest is discharged as heat or fluorescence in plants. The more the plant's photochemical process, the lower the amount of fluorescence. For this reason, chlorophyll fluorescence acts as an internal probe of photosynthesis and is actually a common method in plant physiology. This research aims to investigate whether the changes in the shape of the kautsky curve affected by nicosulfuron, bethanal progress and bentazon herbicides have the ability to prove their site of action.<br /><br />Materials and methods: This experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 8 replications in 2023 in the Research Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Gonbad Kavous University. The treatments included applying the recommended dose of bentazon (Bazagran 48% SL), desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate (bethanal progress 27.4% EC) in addition to the treatment without herbicide as a control. In the case of nicosulfuron (Cruz 4% OD), a dose of 150% of the recommended dose was also added. Herbicides were applied at the 4-5 leaf stage of Amaranthus retroflexus and the plants were harvested 28 days after spraying (DAS) and their dry weight was measured. Fluorescence meter that emits light with a wavelength of 650 nm and an intensity of 3000 μmol photons per square meter per second measured chlorophyll fluorescence for 10 seconds, from dark adapted leaves for 30 minutes each day at 10:00 a.m.<br /><br />Results: results showed that the control Kautsky curve had all the stages of a normal Kautsky curve, but in the bentazon treatments, it started to change from the first DAS, and these changes became more obvious in the following days, so that on the fourth and fifth DAS, all its steps disappeared and became a straight line, and the amount of fluorescence also decreased. Nicosulfuron, had no effect on the shape of the Kautsky curve. for betanal progress, the standard form of the curve was disturbed and its steps were lost. Another point is the increase in the amount of chlorophyll fluorescence, which caused a decrease in the upper area of the kautsky curve between the minimum fluorescence (F0) and the maximum point of fluorescence (Fm), known as the Area parameter.<br /><br />Discussion: Inhibition of photosystem II is the primary effect of two herbicides, bentazon and betanal progress, which was clearly obtained from the shape of the corresponding curves, even the type of proteins involved.<br /><br />The disappearance of all the steps of the Kautsky curve in bentazon showed that all parts related to the reduction of quinone A and the protein pathway of electron transfer between quinone A and B were disturbed. In the betanal progress, the significant increase in chlorophyll fluorescence along with the fading of some curve steps, including J-I and I-P, caused a decrease in the value of the Area parameter, which indicates the destruction of the plastoquinone pool. While in nicosulfuron, Kautsky's curve was not able to provide enough evidence. The Katsky curve was a good indicator for early detection of the effects of PSII-inhibiting herbicides and determining their site of action, but it is not for nicosulfuron. https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_6940_fec7d17c905a077eeb361eb3c9d6007c.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 1 2025 03 21 Study of the effect of cadmium and polyvinyl chloride on the accumulation of microelements and some physiological traits of Koshia seedlings Study of the effect of cadmium and polyvinyl chloride on the accumulation of microelements and some physiological traits of Koshia seedlings 77 94 6834 10.22069/jopp.2024.22165.3117 FA Atefeh Mirzaei Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Ali Sepehri Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Journal Article 2024 02 03 Microplastics in the soil are polymer particles caused by human activities with different chemical compounds that affect plant growth by changing the biological diversity and physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. Cadmium is an unnecessary heavy metal with high pollution, and its excessive presence in the soil of agricultural areas and natural environments can damage the growth of crops by reducing the efficiency of photosynthesis and inhibiting the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Phytoremediation is an on-site cleaning method using green plants with high coverage to remove, destroy or separate pollutants such as cadmium from the environment. Koshia is a very adaptable herbaceous plant, resistant to salinity, drought and environmental stresses, which has a wide range of expansion due to its high adaptability in different climates. This study was conducted to investigate the potential of cadmium remediation by the Koshia plant in the conditions of soil contamination with cadmium and polyvinyl chloride microplastics and the extent of the plant's access to important nutrients in such conditions. The factorial experiment was carried out on the base of a completely randomized design in three replications in the research greenhouse of Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University in 2022. The experimental treatments included polyvinyl chloride microplastic at three levels of zero, 0.1 and 1% by weight of soil and cadmium at two levels of zero and 10 mg kg-1 of soil. In this research, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, proline, total antioxidant capacity, free radical inhibition percentage and accumulation of cadmium, iron, copper, manganese and zinc elements in shoots were investigated. The results showed that increasing the concentration of cadmium to 10 mg in the soil and microplastic to 0.1 and 1% caused a decrease in root dry weight, shoot dry weight, iron, copper, manganese and zinc element concentration in Koshia seedlings. The combined effect of cadmium and microplastic significantly increased the amount of proline, the total antioxidant capacity, inhibition percentage of free radicals and cadmium. At the highest stress level (cadmium 10 mg and microplastic 1%), the dry weight of root and shoot was 1.10 and 5.60 g per plant, respectively. The highest amount of proline was obtained at a concentration of 10 mg kg-1 of cadmium and 1% soil microplastic, equivalent to 38.70 µmol g-1 fresh weight. In the treatment of 10 mg of cadmium, the amount of total antioxidant activity increased by 53.62 and 81.38%, respectively, with the increase of soil microplastics from zero to 0.1 and 1%. The inhibition percentage of free radicals also increased by 9.55% in the treatment of 10 mg of cadmium and 1% microplastic compared to the control. Also, at the concentration of 10 mg of cadmium in the soil, with the increase of soil microplastics from zero to 0.1 and 1%, the amount of cadmium in the shoot increased by 21.30 and 42.02%. At the highest level of stress, cadmium 10 mg and microplastic 1%, the amount of iron, copper, manganese and zinc elements in the shoot decreased to 24.13, 55.97, 39.88 and 47.93 mg kg-1 soil, respectively, compared to without microplastic (control), so that the highest negative effect was observed in copper, zinc, manganese and then iron, respectively. the results of this research showed that although the used concentrations of cadmium and polyvinyl chloride microplastics in the soil, caused a decrease in the absorption of important nutrients, a decrease in the growth and dry weight of the plant's shoot and root, the Koshia plant through absorption and the accumulation of cadmium in aerial parts have a good potential for plant remediation in cadmium and microplastics contaminated soils. Microplastics in the soil are polymer particles caused by human activities with different chemical compounds that affect plant growth by changing the biological diversity and physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. Cadmium is an unnecessary heavy metal with high pollution, and its excessive presence in the soil of agricultural areas and natural environments can damage the growth of crops by reducing the efficiency of photosynthesis and inhibiting the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Phytoremediation is an on-site cleaning method using green plants with high coverage to remove, destroy or separate pollutants such as cadmium from the environment. Koshia is a very adaptable herbaceous plant, resistant to salinity, drought and environmental stresses, which has a wide range of expansion due to its high adaptability in different climates. This study was conducted to investigate the potential of cadmium remediation by the Koshia plant in the conditions of soil contamination with cadmium and polyvinyl chloride microplastics and the extent of the plant's access to important nutrients in such conditions. The factorial experiment was carried out on the base of a completely randomized design in three replications in the research greenhouse of Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University in 2022. The experimental treatments included polyvinyl chloride microplastic at three levels of zero, 0.1 and 1% by weight of soil and cadmium at two levels of zero and 10 mg kg-1 of soil. In this research, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, proline, total antioxidant capacity, free radical inhibition percentage and accumulation of cadmium, iron, copper, manganese and zinc elements in shoots were investigated. The results showed that increasing the concentration of cadmium to 10 mg in the soil and microplastic to 0.1 and 1% caused a decrease in root dry weight, shoot dry weight, iron, copper, manganese and zinc element concentration in Koshia seedlings. The combined effect of cadmium and microplastic significantly increased the amount of proline, the total antioxidant capacity, inhibition percentage of free radicals and cadmium. At the highest stress level (cadmium 10 mg and microplastic 1%), the dry weight of root and shoot was 1.10 and 5.60 g per plant, respectively. The highest amount of proline was obtained at a concentration of 10 mg kg-1 of cadmium and 1% soil microplastic, equivalent to 38.70 µmol g-1 fresh weight. In the treatment of 10 mg of cadmium, the amount of total antioxidant activity increased by 53.62 and 81.38%, respectively, with the increase of soil microplastics from zero to 0.1 and 1%. The inhibition percentage of free radicals also increased by 9.55% in the treatment of 10 mg of cadmium and 1% microplastic compared to the control. Also, at the concentration of 10 mg of cadmium in the soil, with the increase of soil microplastics from zero to 0.1 and 1%, the amount of cadmium in the shoot increased by 21.30 and 42.02%. At the highest level of stress, cadmium 10 mg and microplastic 1%, the amount of iron, copper, manganese and zinc elements in the shoot decreased to 24.13, 55.97, 39.88 and 47.93 mg kg-1 soil, respectively, compared to without microplastic (control), so that the highest negative effect was observed in copper, zinc, manganese and then iron, respectively. the results of this research showed that although the used concentrations of cadmium and polyvinyl chloride microplastics in the soil, caused a decrease in the absorption of important nutrients, a decrease in the growth and dry weight of the plant's shoot and root, the Koshia plant through absorption and the accumulation of cadmium in aerial parts have a good potential for plant remediation in cadmium and microplastics contaminated soils. https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_6834_d241a746ac1a0ba5ee3761d877ffc780.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 1 2025 03 21 An algorithmic approach for determining the optimal sowing dates for crops in Iran An algorithmic approach for determining the optimal sowing dates for crops in Iran 95 117 6833 10.22069/jopp.2024.22248.3125 FA Seyedreza Amiri Corresponding Author, Dept. of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Saravan, Saravan, Iran Elyas Soltani Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-6941-4047 Seyed Majid Alimagham Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. 0000-0002-6941-4047 Alireza Nehbandani Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of North Khorasan, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bojnourd, Iran 0000-0001-5324-260X Ebrahim Zeinali Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. 0000-0002-6941-4047 Benjamin Torabi Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran 0000-0001-7628-6074 Eskandar Zand Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Iran 0000-0002-6941-4047 Sorayya Ghassemi Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Iran 0000-0002-6941-4047 Omid Alasti Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. 0000-0002-6941-4047 Amir Dadresi Ph.D. Student of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran 0000-0002-6941-4047 Roghiyeh Alsadat Hosseini Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran. 0000-0002-6941-4047 Mahbobe Zahed Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran 0000-0002-6941-4047 Hosna Fayazi Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran 0000-0002-6941-4047 Hossein Kamari Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-6941-4047 Rahele Arab Ameri Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-6941-4047 Zahra Mohamadzadeh Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-6941-4047 Samaneh Rahban Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. 0000-0002-5398-1223 Samane Mohamadi Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. 0000-0002-6941-4047 Saleh Karamat Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. 0000-0002-6941-4047 Afshin Soltani Corresponding Author, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran 0000-0002-6941-4047 Journal Article 2024 03 06 Background and Objectives: The selection of sowing dates within crop simulation models holds great importance when addressing issues pertaining to food security and climate change. Typically, statistical analyses lead to the adoption of a fixed sowing date in these models. However, it should be noted that farmers do not adhere to such a rigid schedule; rather, their sowing dates are subject to annual variations influenced by weather conditions. Consequently, incorporating climatic data becomes an effective methodology for developing algorithms and estimations regarding sowing date within crop models.<br /><br />Materials and Methods: This study involved the collection of information regarding the sowing dates of 12 important crops in Iran from various provinces, with the assistance of Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) 's provincial centers. Subsequently, algorithmization was performed for each crop based on the sowing dates of farmers. The SSM-iCrop2 model was utilized to evaluate different threshold values for each algorithm in each crop, and the appropriate value was selected to ensure that the predicted sowing date aligned with that of the farmers. To evaluate the sowing algorithm, observed sowing date data were collected from various studies. For those studies where observed sowing dates were available, algorithmization of the sowing date was conducted.<br /><br />Results: The results of the evaluation of different algorithms indicate that the third algorithm is well-suited for autumn crops, including wheat, barley, rapeseed, chickpeas, lentils, potatoes, and sugar beets, with sowing recommended when the average air temperature is below 16°C. Moreover, this temperature threshold increases to 17-20°C in warmer areas. Algorithm number two was found to be suitable for spring cultivation of crops such as beans, chickpeas, lentils, and potatoes, with sowing recommended when the average air temperature exceeds 7°C. For spring sugar beets, this temperature was 12°C, and for corn in cold climates and summer crops such as beans during early sowing dates, the recommended temperature range was 15-17°C.<br /><br />Conclusion: The results of our study can be utilized in crop simulFor spring sugar beets, this temperature was 12°C, and for corn in cold climates and summer crops such as beans during early sowing dates, the recommended temperature range was 15-17°C.ation models to replicate farmers' sowing behavior. Additionally, these algorithms can be applied in regions where information regarding sowing dates is unavailable. By incorporating an algorithm instead of a fixed sowing date within the model, a sowing date that more closely aligns with that of the farmer can be simulated, particularly in situations where various regions and years are being considered.<br /><br /><br /><br />Keywords: Crops, Simulation, SSM-iCrop2,Temperature. Background and Objectives: The selection of sowing dates within crop simulation models holds great importance when addressing issues pertaining to food security and climate change. Typically, statistical analyses lead to the adoption of a fixed sowing date in these models. However, it should be noted that farmers do not adhere to such a rigid schedule; rather, their sowing dates are subject to annual variations influenced by weather conditions. Consequently, incorporating climatic data becomes an effective methodology for developing algorithms and estimations regarding sowing date within crop models.<br /><br />Materials and Methods: This study involved the collection of information regarding the sowing dates of 12 important crops in Iran from various provinces, with the assistance of Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) 's provincial centers. Subsequently, algorithmization was performed for each crop based on the sowing dates of farmers. The SSM-iCrop2 model was utilized to evaluate different threshold values for each algorithm in each crop, and the appropriate value was selected to ensure that the predicted sowing date aligned with that of the farmers. To evaluate the sowing algorithm, observed sowing date data were collected from various studies. For those studies where observed sowing dates were available, algorithmization of the sowing date was conducted.<br /><br />Results: The results of the evaluation of different algorithms indicate that the third algorithm is well-suited for autumn crops, including wheat, barley, rapeseed, chickpeas, lentils, potatoes, and sugar beets, with sowing recommended when the average air temperature is below 16°C. Moreover, this temperature threshold increases to 17-20°C in warmer areas. Algorithm number two was found to be suitable for spring cultivation of crops such as beans, chickpeas, lentils, and potatoes, with sowing recommended when the average air temperature exceeds 7°C. For spring sugar beets, this temperature was 12°C, and for corn in cold climates and summer crops such as beans during early sowing dates, the recommended temperature range was 15-17°C.<br /><br />Conclusion: The results of our study can be utilized in crop simulFor spring sugar beets, this temperature was 12°C, and for corn in cold climates and summer crops such as beans during early sowing dates, the recommended temperature range was 15-17°C.ation models to replicate farmers' sowing behavior. Additionally, these algorithms can be applied in regions where information regarding sowing dates is unavailable. By incorporating an algorithm instead of a fixed sowing date within the model, a sowing date that more closely aligns with that of the farmer can be simulated, particularly in situations where various regions and years are being considered.<br /><br /><br /><br />Keywords: Crops, Simulation, SSM-iCrop2,Temperature. https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_6833_01cdbdbe6f569474da4e3ef87bd68b6c.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 1 2025 03 21 The role of crop management on amount of energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) farms The role of crop management on amount of energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) farms 119 143 6899 10.22069/jopp.2024.22274.3128 FA Donya Parmah M.Sc. Graduate of Ecology (Agroecology), Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Hamid Reza Chaghazardi . Corresponding Author, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Farzad Mondany Associate Prof., Dept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Ali Beheshti Ale Agha Associate Prof., Dept. of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Daniel Kehrizi Professor, Dept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 0000-0002-1717-6075 Journal Article 2024 03 07 Introduction: In recent years, the assessment of input and output energy and global warming potential has gained a special place among researchers in the agricultural sector. Correct management in choosing appropriate methods of agricultural operations reduces fuel consumption, energy, and greenhouse gases production in the production of agricultural products. For this purpose, this study was carried out to evaluate the amount of production, energy efficiency, and greenhouse gas emissions of safflower under conservation tillage conditions and fertilizer consumption.<br /><br /><br /><br />Materials and Methods: The experimental factors include three levels of different tillage systems including conventional tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage as the main factor. Four levels of NPK fertilizer at four levels of zero, 33, 66, and 100% of the required amount of safflower were used as secondary factors. The design consisted of three main blocks (each block for one replication). Each block was divided into three main plots (each main plot for one tillage operation). The distance between each block was 3 m and the distance between the main plots was considered 2 m. In each main plot, there were four sub-plots, and the distance between each sub-plot was considered to be 1 m. The area of the main plots was 21 ×15 m and the area of each sub-plot was 4.5 ×15 m. Saffron planting was done in rows with 5 planting lines with a row distance of 50 cm and a distance between plants of 10 cm. The amount of seed used for safflower was 8 kg/ha. In all stages of planting, keeping, and harvesting, all agricultural managements were investigated based on the conventional management of the area and with the farmer's method, to measure all inputs and outputs to the farm, after recording the information accurately, first all Inputs were converted into energy equivalents and then converted into greenhouse gas equivalents. <br /><br /><br /><br />Results and Discussion: The results showed that most of the investigated traits were affected by the tillage system, fertilizer, and their interaction. The highest seed yield of safflower (1956 kg/ha) is from 33% fertilizer ratio and conventional tillage, and the lowest seed yield (1162 kg/ha) is from no-tillage. In terms of energy input, it was also found the highest share of input was related to fuel (50%) and human power (24.8%), which decreased due to the use of conservation tillage and fertilizer consumption. The highest energy efficiency in seed production in safflower (0.28 kg/MJ) was obtained from reduced tillage and no fertilizer use. The results of specific energy were contrary to the efficiency and energy efficiency trend. For example, the highest specific energy in the production of seeds, straw in the safflower plant was obtained from the no-tillage system and using 100% of the fertilizer required by the plant. In this treatment, the specific energy in safflower seed production was estimated to be 16.33 MJ/kg. The specific energy in the production of straw was calculated at about 10.91 MJ/kg, which indicates the inverse relationship between specific energy and energy efficiency. Among the inputs used, phosphate fertilizer caused the highest carbon dioxide production, urea fertilizer caused the highest methane production and fossil fuels caused the highest nitrogen oxide production, and in all fertilizer levels and tillage systems, the highest production of these greenhouse gases was related to these inputs.<br /><br /><br /><br />Conclusion: Changing the tillage system increased energy efficiency in safflower plant production. Although the use of nitrogen fertilizer increased the production rate of the safflower plant, the productivity decreased due to the use of 100% of the fertilizer required by the plant. Also, conservation tillage has reduced the production of greenhouse gases in crop production. Introduction: In recent years, the assessment of input and output energy and global warming potential has gained a special place among researchers in the agricultural sector. Correct management in choosing appropriate methods of agricultural operations reduces fuel consumption, energy, and greenhouse gases production in the production of agricultural products. For this purpose, this study was carried out to evaluate the amount of production, energy efficiency, and greenhouse gas emissions of safflower under conservation tillage conditions and fertilizer consumption.<br /><br /><br /><br />Materials and Methods: The experimental factors include three levels of different tillage systems including conventional tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage as the main factor. Four levels of NPK fertilizer at four levels of zero, 33, 66, and 100% of the required amount of safflower were used as secondary factors. The design consisted of three main blocks (each block for one replication). Each block was divided into three main plots (each main plot for one tillage operation). The distance between each block was 3 m and the distance between the main plots was considered 2 m. In each main plot, there were four sub-plots, and the distance between each sub-plot was considered to be 1 m. The area of the main plots was 21 ×15 m and the area of each sub-plot was 4.5 ×15 m. Saffron planting was done in rows with 5 planting lines with a row distance of 50 cm and a distance between plants of 10 cm. The amount of seed used for safflower was 8 kg/ha. In all stages of planting, keeping, and harvesting, all agricultural managements were investigated based on the conventional management of the area and with the farmer's method, to measure all inputs and outputs to the farm, after recording the information accurately, first all Inputs were converted into energy equivalents and then converted into greenhouse gas equivalents. <br /><br /><br /><br />Results and Discussion: The results showed that most of the investigated traits were affected by the tillage system, fertilizer, and their interaction. The highest seed yield of safflower (1956 kg/ha) is from 33% fertilizer ratio and conventional tillage, and the lowest seed yield (1162 kg/ha) is from no-tillage. In terms of energy input, it was also found the highest share of input was related to fuel (50%) and human power (24.8%), which decreased due to the use of conservation tillage and fertilizer consumption. The highest energy efficiency in seed production in safflower (0.28 kg/MJ) was obtained from reduced tillage and no fertilizer use. The results of specific energy were contrary to the efficiency and energy efficiency trend. For example, the highest specific energy in the production of seeds, straw in the safflower plant was obtained from the no-tillage system and using 100% of the fertilizer required by the plant. In this treatment, the specific energy in safflower seed production was estimated to be 16.33 MJ/kg. The specific energy in the production of straw was calculated at about 10.91 MJ/kg, which indicates the inverse relationship between specific energy and energy efficiency. Among the inputs used, phosphate fertilizer caused the highest carbon dioxide production, urea fertilizer caused the highest methane production and fossil fuels caused the highest nitrogen oxide production, and in all fertilizer levels and tillage systems, the highest production of these greenhouse gases was related to these inputs.<br /><br /><br /><br />Conclusion: Changing the tillage system increased energy efficiency in safflower plant production. Although the use of nitrogen fertilizer increased the production rate of the safflower plant, the productivity decreased due to the use of 100% of the fertilizer required by the plant. Also, conservation tillage has reduced the production of greenhouse gases in crop production. https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_6899_b398d82d4346c278ff910e71167ed674.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 1 2025 03 21 Compatibility of different genotypes of sunflower by principal component analysis method Compatibility of different genotypes of sunflower by principal component analysis method 145 159 6840 10.22069/jopp.2024.22322.3136 FA Fathollah Nadali Corresponding Author, Assistant Prof. of Science Research Department, Semnan (Shahroud) Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shahroud, Iran. Mehdi Ghaffari Associate Prof. of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2024 04 01 Background and objectives: Sunflower is one of the most important oil plants adapted to different regions of the world. Oil sunflower cultivation in Iran started in 2016 with an area of 1,719 ha and reached 107,000 ha with an average seed yield of 690 kg ha-1 per in 2012. Due to mainly economic reasons as well as the incompleteness of the seed supply cycle, the area under sunflower cultivation decreased to about 10.000 ha in the year of 2021. The ability of grow sunflower in spring and summer in temperate and cold climate and the ability to grow it in autumn and winter in southern tropical regions show the ability and adaptability of this plant to different regions of Iran. The possibility of mechanized cultivation, short growing period relative drought tolerance and high oil percentage of 40-45% are the advantages of sunflower cultivation. One of the most important factors in the reduction of the sunflower cultivation area is the lack of access to certified seeds at the time of cultivation, and this is while since 1987 to 2019, a number of 12 hybrids adapted to different conditions of Iran were introduced by the Institute of Breeding and Seedling and Seed Production. The object of this research was to evaluate the compatibility and determine the agronomic value of different sunflower genotypes studied in Shahrood region during two years by the method of principal component analysis (PCA) in different and stable genotypes for introduction for cultivation in the region.<br /><br />Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted in the research farm of the Shahrood Agricultural Research and Training Center in a factorial format in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications in two crop years 1400 and 1401. In this test, ten promising hybrids, two free pollinator breeding populations of sunflower were compared with the cultivars Zarin, Golsa, Lacomka and Progressus as experimental control cultivars.<br /><br />Results: Based on the results, the two hybrids SUN97-H2 and SUN97-H28 and the Shahed Progress cultivar were ranked first with their seed yield of 4557, 4516 and 4305 kg ha-1, respectively. Examining the performance characteristics and performance components of the examined genotypes based on the environmental change coefficient showed the performance stability of SUN97-H2 and SUN95-H7 hybrids and all four open-pollinated populations. Based on the results of composite variance analysis, a significant difference was observed between the studied genotypes. The main effects of the year on the characteristics of the day of flowering, plant height, weight of 1000 seeds and diameter according to maturity, plant height, weight of 1000 seeds and diameter according to the probability level of 1% and on the trait of plant height at the probability level of 5% were significant. It was not significant on the traits of day to maturity, stem bending, seed yield, oil yield, oil percentage, number of seeds per pod and stem diameter. The main effects of genotype, in addition to the significant effect on the aforementioned traits, were also significant on oil percentage and yield. Also, the interaction between year and genotype on yield, oil percentage, stem bending and number of seeds according to stem diameter was significant. The coefficient of variation in the analysis of variance varied between 2.8 and 26.12 and only in oil performance this coefficient was more than 25. Based on the results of factor analysis, the evaluated traits were divided into two factors. <br /><br />Conclusion: According to the results of this research, there was significant difference between genotypes in terms of yield and yield components. Background and objectives: Sunflower is one of the most important oil plants adapted to different regions of the world. Oil sunflower cultivation in Iran started in 2016 with an area of 1,719 ha and reached 107,000 ha with an average seed yield of 690 kg ha-1 per in 2012. Due to mainly economic reasons as well as the incompleteness of the seed supply cycle, the area under sunflower cultivation decreased to about 10.000 ha in the year of 2021. The ability of grow sunflower in spring and summer in temperate and cold climate and the ability to grow it in autumn and winter in southern tropical regions show the ability and adaptability of this plant to different regions of Iran. The possibility of mechanized cultivation, short growing period relative drought tolerance and high oil percentage of 40-45% are the advantages of sunflower cultivation. One of the most important factors in the reduction of the sunflower cultivation area is the lack of access to certified seeds at the time of cultivation, and this is while since 1987 to 2019, a number of 12 hybrids adapted to different conditions of Iran were introduced by the Institute of Breeding and Seedling and Seed Production. The object of this research was to evaluate the compatibility and determine the agronomic value of different sunflower genotypes studied in Shahrood region during two years by the method of principal component analysis (PCA) in different and stable genotypes for introduction for cultivation in the region.<br /><br />Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted in the research farm of the Shahrood Agricultural Research and Training Center in a factorial format in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications in two crop years 1400 and 1401. In this test, ten promising hybrids, two free pollinator breeding populations of sunflower were compared with the cultivars Zarin, Golsa, Lacomka and Progressus as experimental control cultivars.<br /><br />Results: Based on the results, the two hybrids SUN97-H2 and SUN97-H28 and the Shahed Progress cultivar were ranked first with their seed yield of 4557, 4516 and 4305 kg ha-1, respectively. Examining the performance characteristics and performance components of the examined genotypes based on the environmental change coefficient showed the performance stability of SUN97-H2 and SUN95-H7 hybrids and all four open-pollinated populations. Based on the results of composite variance analysis, a significant difference was observed between the studied genotypes. The main effects of the year on the characteristics of the day of flowering, plant height, weight of 1000 seeds and diameter according to maturity, plant height, weight of 1000 seeds and diameter according to the probability level of 1% and on the trait of plant height at the probability level of 5% were significant. It was not significant on the traits of day to maturity, stem bending, seed yield, oil yield, oil percentage, number of seeds per pod and stem diameter. The main effects of genotype, in addition to the significant effect on the aforementioned traits, were also significant on oil percentage and yield. Also, the interaction between year and genotype on yield, oil percentage, stem bending and number of seeds according to stem diameter was significant. The coefficient of variation in the analysis of variance varied between 2.8 and 26.12 and only in oil performance this coefficient was more than 25. Based on the results of factor analysis, the evaluated traits were divided into two factors. <br /><br />Conclusion: According to the results of this research, there was significant difference between genotypes in terms of yield and yield components. https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_6840_376ec4068ec1ff82c8f21bdff3d66f29.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 1 2025 03 21 The effect of foliar spraying with selenium on some morphological and physiological indicators of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under cadmium stress in hydroponic culture The effect of foliar spraying with selenium on some morphological and physiological indicators of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under cadmium stress in hydroponic culture 161 179 6900 10.22069/jopp.2024.22394.3140 FA Hajar Khanmohammadi M.Sc. Graduate of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Behrooz Esmaielpour Corresponding Author, Professor, Dept. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Rasool Azarmi Associate Prof., Dept. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Zahra Aslani Ph.D. Graduate of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Ali Shahi Qaraler Assistant Prof., Dept. of Plant Sciences and Medicinal Plants, Meshgin Shahr Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2024 04 28 Abstract<br /><br /><br /><br />Background and objectives: <br /><br />Cadmium is considered one of the most important pollutants in the environment, which causes serious damage to living organisms and the organisms that feed on them. Agricultural land contaminated with cadmium is a big problem. Because this metal is easily absorbed by the roots of plants and can be transferred to the aerial parts. Increasing the tolerance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses is a debatable and important issue that is discussed more than ever before. Selenium is one of the elements that can be used to adjust the stress in plants. Selenium can play a role in reducing the stress effects of heavy metal toxicity in soil.<br /><br />Materials and methods:<br /><br />This research was carried out in the research greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with two factors and four replications under hydroponic cultivation conditions. The first factor included the application of cadmium metal in food solution at three concentrations (zero, 30 and 60 µM) and the second factor was spraying with selenium at three concentrations (zero, 75 and 150 µM). <br /><br />Results: <br /><br />The results showed that parameters such as leaf dry weight, number of leaves, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll decreased with increasing cadmium concentration, while parameters such as electrolyte diffusion, malondialdehyde and soluble sugars increased. So that the highest amount of leaf dry weight (4.1 gr), number of leaves (20.08), stomatal conductance (26.72), total chlorophyll (0.221), electrolyte leakage (76.45), malondialdehyde (0.072), soluble sugar (0.83) were obtained under cadmium-free conditions and at 60 μM cadmium concentration, respectively. Also, the results related to effect of the two mentioned factors showed that the highest relative content of RWC (65.95%), chlorophyll (0.18 mg/g FW) was obtained in the treatment without cadmium stress and the application of foliar spraying of 150 µM selenium, respectively. Also, selenium moderated stress and effects of stress in plants that were under heavy metal stress, so that the greatest effect of selenium foliar application was in high concentrations of heavy metal stress of cadmium. <br /><br />Conclusion: <br /><br />In this study, it was tried to investigate the effects of selenium in modulating the toxicity of the heavy metal cadmium in lettuce plants from different aspects, and according to the results of this research, it can be concluded that cadmium toxicity causes disturbances in growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics in the growth of the lettuce plant is improved, and the use of selenium foliar spraying improved the growth characteristics and performance of the lettuce plant, and also reduced and moderated the effects of the heavy metal cadmium in the lettuce plant. Abstract<br /><br /><br /><br />Background and objectives: <br /><br />Cadmium is considered one of the most important pollutants in the environment, which causes serious damage to living organisms and the organisms that feed on them. Agricultural land contaminated with cadmium is a big problem. Because this metal is easily absorbed by the roots of plants and can be transferred to the aerial parts. Increasing the tolerance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses is a debatable and important issue that is discussed more than ever before. Selenium is one of the elements that can be used to adjust the stress in plants. Selenium can play a role in reducing the stress effects of heavy metal toxicity in soil.<br /><br />Materials and methods:<br /><br />This research was carried out in the research greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with two factors and four replications under hydroponic cultivation conditions. The first factor included the application of cadmium metal in food solution at three concentrations (zero, 30 and 60 µM) and the second factor was spraying with selenium at three concentrations (zero, 75 and 150 µM). <br /><br />Results: <br /><br />The results showed that parameters such as leaf dry weight, number of leaves, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll decreased with increasing cadmium concentration, while parameters such as electrolyte diffusion, malondialdehyde and soluble sugars increased. So that the highest amount of leaf dry weight (4.1 gr), number of leaves (20.08), stomatal conductance (26.72), total chlorophyll (0.221), electrolyte leakage (76.45), malondialdehyde (0.072), soluble sugar (0.83) were obtained under cadmium-free conditions and at 60 μM cadmium concentration, respectively. Also, the results related to effect of the two mentioned factors showed that the highest relative content of RWC (65.95%), chlorophyll (0.18 mg/g FW) was obtained in the treatment without cadmium stress and the application of foliar spraying of 150 µM selenium, respectively. Also, selenium moderated stress and effects of stress in plants that were under heavy metal stress, so that the greatest effect of selenium foliar application was in high concentrations of heavy metal stress of cadmium. <br /><br />Conclusion: <br /><br />In this study, it was tried to investigate the effects of selenium in modulating the toxicity of the heavy metal cadmium in lettuce plants from different aspects, and according to the results of this research, it can be concluded that cadmium toxicity causes disturbances in growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics in the growth of the lettuce plant is improved, and the use of selenium foliar spraying improved the growth characteristics and performance of the lettuce plant, and also reduced and moderated the effects of the heavy metal cadmium in the lettuce plant. https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_6900_bcc4d3b2f557b4b3617389373e2c006f.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 1 2025 03 21 Evaluation of flowering characteristics, bulb yield and quality in commercial cultivars of short-day onion (Allium sepa L.) Evaluation of flowering characteristics, bulb yield and quality in commercial cultivars of short-day onion (Allium sepa L.) 181 197 7055 10.22069/jopp.2024.22649.3165 FA Zahra Abbasi Corresponding Author, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Horticulture Crops Research, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, (AREEO), Isfahan, Iran Abdulsattar Darabi Associate Prof., Dept. of Horticulture Crops Research, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, (AREEO), Khuzestan, Iran Bahram Rostam Forodi Assistant Prof., Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2024 07 23 Background and objectives: Genetic diversity and knowledge of the yield potential, quality characteristics and onion flowering and relationship between traits will help the researcher to consider important traits in breeding programs and advancing generations to achieve the maximum bulb and seed yield. In order to produce a quality product and have a uniform farm in accordance with the technical principles of cultivation, it is necessary to know the characteristics of onion flowering and the relationships between traits. In fact, obtaining acceptable amounts of seeds is only possible based on having sufficient information about the flowering of this plant. The genotypes investigated in this research are a part of the onion breeding project which is still ongoing in order to obtain open-pollinated cultivars of short-day onion. Therefore, identifying the flowering characteristics of genotypes is very important. This research was carried out in order to investigate and compare the bulb yield potential, quality and flowering characteristics of nine short-day onion genotypes and to study the relationships between flowering traits.<br /><br />Materials and Methods: In this research, nine short day onion genotypes (including eight hybrids: Sahar, Paliz, Saba, Savanah Sweet, Golden Eye, Duster, Imperatriz, Primavera and the open-pollinated cultivar Texas Early Grano) was performed for bulb yield and flowering traits during three growing years 2018-2021. In the two first year, the genotypes bulb characters was evaluated in Isfahan and Khuzestan locations and in the third year, the flowering characteristics of genotypes (Number of flower stalks/plant in three stages intervals of 10 days from each other, Number of open flower stalks/plant in three stages intervals of 10 days from each other, Number of open flower stalks/plant,Seed harvest day, 1000 seed weight, Seed yield/inflorescence, Seed yield/plant) were compared with each other in a randomized complete block design experiment with three replications. Variance analysis and average comparison was performed using Duncan's method at a probability level of 5%. Correlation analysis between traits and cluster analysis were performed on the average of repetitions. All statistical calculations were done with SAS 9.2 software.<br /><br />Results: The comparison results of the bulb yields showed that in both locations, with significant difference, the commercial hybrids Saba, Savannah Sweet and the open-pollinated variety Texas Early Grano were the highest, and Sahar and Paliz cultivars were the lowest for bulb yield. The highest and lowest seed yield belonged to Saba and Paliz cultivars, respectively. Correlation between flowering traits showed that 1000 seed weight had a significant positive relationship at the 5% level with seed yield and a significant negative relationship with number of flower stalks/plant. Seed harvest day did not show any correlation with none of the traits. The results of this study showed that Saba with the highest bulb yield, the highest number of flower stalks/plant and the highest 1000 seed weight, has the highest seed yield in inflorescences and in plant and Paliz with low bulb yield and the lowest 1000 seed weight, has the lowest seed yield in inflorescences and in plant. For seed harvesting day, Paliz and Primavera were the earliest and Imperatriz and Texas were the latest.<br /><br />Conclusion: According to the results of bulb traits evaluation in two years and in two locations, the traits were not affected by year effect, which was mainly due to relatively stable weather conditions in the experiment two years. Bulb yield in both years in Khuzestan was significantly higher than in Isfahan, which is due to the long growth period in Khuzestan location. Background and objectives: Genetic diversity and knowledge of the yield potential, quality characteristics and onion flowering and relationship between traits will help the researcher to consider important traits in breeding programs and advancing generations to achieve the maximum bulb and seed yield. In order to produce a quality product and have a uniform farm in accordance with the technical principles of cultivation, it is necessary to know the characteristics of onion flowering and the relationships between traits. In fact, obtaining acceptable amounts of seeds is only possible based on having sufficient information about the flowering of this plant. The genotypes investigated in this research are a part of the onion breeding project which is still ongoing in order to obtain open-pollinated cultivars of short-day onion. Therefore, identifying the flowering characteristics of genotypes is very important. This research was carried out in order to investigate and compare the bulb yield potential, quality and flowering characteristics of nine short-day onion genotypes and to study the relationships between flowering traits.<br /><br />Materials and Methods: In this research, nine short day onion genotypes (including eight hybrids: Sahar, Paliz, Saba, Savanah Sweet, Golden Eye, Duster, Imperatriz, Primavera and the open-pollinated cultivar Texas Early Grano) was performed for bulb yield and flowering traits during three growing years 2018-2021. In the two first year, the genotypes bulb characters was evaluated in Isfahan and Khuzestan locations and in the third year, the flowering characteristics of genotypes (Number of flower stalks/plant in three stages intervals of 10 days from each other, Number of open flower stalks/plant in three stages intervals of 10 days from each other, Number of open flower stalks/plant,Seed harvest day, 1000 seed weight, Seed yield/inflorescence, Seed yield/plant) were compared with each other in a randomized complete block design experiment with three replications. Variance analysis and average comparison was performed using Duncan's method at a probability level of 5%. Correlation analysis between traits and cluster analysis were performed on the average of repetitions. All statistical calculations were done with SAS 9.2 software.<br /><br />Results: The comparison results of the bulb yields showed that in both locations, with significant difference, the commercial hybrids Saba, Savannah Sweet and the open-pollinated variety Texas Early Grano were the highest, and Sahar and Paliz cultivars were the lowest for bulb yield. The highest and lowest seed yield belonged to Saba and Paliz cultivars, respectively. Correlation between flowering traits showed that 1000 seed weight had a significant positive relationship at the 5% level with seed yield and a significant negative relationship with number of flower stalks/plant. Seed harvest day did not show any correlation with none of the traits. The results of this study showed that Saba with the highest bulb yield, the highest number of flower stalks/plant and the highest 1000 seed weight, has the highest seed yield in inflorescences and in plant and Paliz with low bulb yield and the lowest 1000 seed weight, has the lowest seed yield in inflorescences and in plant. For seed harvesting day, Paliz and Primavera were the earliest and Imperatriz and Texas were the latest.<br /><br />Conclusion: According to the results of bulb traits evaluation in two years and in two locations, the traits were not affected by year effect, which was mainly due to relatively stable weather conditions in the experiment two years. Bulb yield in both years in Khuzestan was significantly higher than in Isfahan, which is due to the long growth period in Khuzestan location. https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_7055_39e6eba223c99adf97787775079c20bb.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 1 2025 03 21 Micropropagation ability and true-to-type production of several chimeric Sansceveria cultivars Micropropagation ability and true-to-type production of several chimeric Sansceveria cultivars 199 217 7317 10.22069/jopp.2024.22807.3189 FA Matin Kazemzadeh Bahnamirei M.Sc. Graduate of Horticultural Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Mostafa Khoshhal Sarmast Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Horticultural Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Mahdi Alizadeh Associate Prof., Dept. of Horticultural Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Mohammad Naghi Padasht Dahkaei Assistant Prof., Horticulture Crops Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education ‎Center, AREEO, Lahijan, Iran Journal Article 2024 09 23 ABSTRACT<br /><br />Background and Objectives:<br />It is of prime importance to optimize the clonal propagation of chimeric ornamental plants. Sansevieria is a foliage ornamental plant adapted to grow indoors due to its high diversity and resistance to adverse environmental conditions. The micropropagation of of ornamental plant cultivars while maintaining their genetic fidelity has always been important. Considering that a limited number of commercial chimeric cultivars have been studied in scientific sources and the extent of genetic stabilty in the appearance of regenerated plants is unclear therefore, in this research, we will investigate the regeneration capacity of 15 commercial chimeric cultivars of Sansevieria and evaluate the similarity of the regenerated plants with their corresponding mother plant.<br /><br />Materials and Methods:<br />In this experiment, the leaves of 15 cultivars of chimeric Sansevieria were surface strilized with 70% ethanol for 30 seconds soonafter exposed to 10% Clorox for 10 minutes. Leaf explant were cultured in Murashigi and Skoog (MS) medium suplemeted with 0.25 mg/l 2,4-D to induce callus during 45 days and then the moved to another MS media supplemented with 0.35 mg/l Kinetin so as to induce shoots. Finally, morphological traits were recorded and compared among different cultivars.<br /><br />Results:<br />The evaluation of the regenerated callus in different cultivars of Sansevieria showed that Metallica cultivar is able to produce the highest callus weight. The best callus quality was belong to Hahni, Black Jack and Black Gold cultivars, and the compact green and yellow calli produced in these cultivars led to the highest shoot regeneration in these cultivars. Only two cultivars, Silver Gold and Diamond, maintained 32 and 22% of true-to-typeness among other cultivars, respectively. While the other cultivars lacked this ability. The highest proliferated shoots was observed in Black Jack variety (20 plantlets) after 80 days from the beginning of experiment. The highest mean length of the regenerated shoot was related to "Twist" cultivar (more than 5 cm). The highest acclimation percentage was also observed in Metallica variety (100%).<br /><br />Conclusion:<br />According to the obtained results, two regenerated cultivars of Diamond and Silver Gold, showed the 20 and 30% similarity to their corresponding mother plant, contrary to expectations. There was a direct relationship between the quality of calluses produced from different cultivars of Sasevieria and regenerated plantlets as such compact calluses with green and yellow color had a relatively higher ability for proliferation. Black Jack cultivar managed to produce the highest regenerated plants and leaves indicating the higher genetic ability in this species for shoot regeneration. Plantlets produced from other Sansevieria cultivars adapted well in other cases due to the ease of rooting, and among them, the plantlets produced from Metallica variety had higher acclimation competency due to the ability to produce more roots. The results of this research can provide favorable preliminary data for the molecular breeding of this plant through gene transfer and regeneration of the transgenic plant through callus. ABSTRACT<br /><br />Background and Objectives:<br />It is of prime importance to optimize the clonal propagation of chimeric ornamental plants. Sansevieria is a foliage ornamental plant adapted to grow indoors due to its high diversity and resistance to adverse environmental conditions. The micropropagation of of ornamental plant cultivars while maintaining their genetic fidelity has always been important. Considering that a limited number of commercial chimeric cultivars have been studied in scientific sources and the extent of genetic stabilty in the appearance of regenerated plants is unclear therefore, in this research, we will investigate the regeneration capacity of 15 commercial chimeric cultivars of Sansevieria and evaluate the similarity of the regenerated plants with their corresponding mother plant.<br /><br />Materials and Methods:<br />In this experiment, the leaves of 15 cultivars of chimeric Sansevieria were surface strilized with 70% ethanol for 30 seconds soonafter exposed to 10% Clorox for 10 minutes. Leaf explant were cultured in Murashigi and Skoog (MS) medium suplemeted with 0.25 mg/l 2,4-D to induce callus during 45 days and then the moved to another MS media supplemented with 0.35 mg/l Kinetin so as to induce shoots. Finally, morphological traits were recorded and compared among different cultivars.<br /><br />Results:<br />The evaluation of the regenerated callus in different cultivars of Sansevieria showed that Metallica cultivar is able to produce the highest callus weight. The best callus quality was belong to Hahni, Black Jack and Black Gold cultivars, and the compact green and yellow calli produced in these cultivars led to the highest shoot regeneration in these cultivars. Only two cultivars, Silver Gold and Diamond, maintained 32 and 22% of true-to-typeness among other cultivars, respectively. While the other cultivars lacked this ability. The highest proliferated shoots was observed in Black Jack variety (20 plantlets) after 80 days from the beginning of experiment. The highest mean length of the regenerated shoot was related to "Twist" cultivar (more than 5 cm). The highest acclimation percentage was also observed in Metallica variety (100%).<br /><br />Conclusion:<br />According to the obtained results, two regenerated cultivars of Diamond and Silver Gold, showed the 20 and 30% similarity to their corresponding mother plant, contrary to expectations. There was a direct relationship between the quality of calluses produced from different cultivars of Sasevieria and regenerated plantlets as such compact calluses with green and yellow color had a relatively higher ability for proliferation. Black Jack cultivar managed to produce the highest regenerated plants and leaves indicating the higher genetic ability in this species for shoot regeneration. Plantlets produced from other Sansevieria cultivars adapted well in other cases due to the ease of rooting, and among them, the plantlets produced from Metallica variety had higher acclimation competency due to the ability to produce more roots. The results of this research can provide favorable preliminary data for the molecular breeding of this plant through gene transfer and regeneration of the transgenic plant through callus. https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_7317_43edd9bc4f3a0a41807a0ed1388e415e.pdf