Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 2 2025 06 22 Evaluation of weed biodiversity indices of strawberry fields in Kurdistan Province Evaluation of weed biodiversity indices of strawberry fields in Kurdistan Province 1 16 7390 10.22069/jopp.2023.21419.3047 FA Soraya Ahmadi M.Sc. Student, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. Sirwan Babaei . Corresponding Author, Assistant Prof., Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Iraj Tahmasebi Assistant Prof., Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Mohammad Sarseifi Researcher of Kurdistan Agricultural Research Center, Sanandaj, Iran 0001-0001-1128-4534 Pooran Fathi Ph.D. Student, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Journal Article 2023 06 01 Introduction: This study focuses on one of the main strawberry production centers in the country, especially in the western region and Kurdistan province. This research investigated the weed flora of strawberry fields in the Kurdistan province, specifically in the cities of Mariwan and Kamyaran. The main objective of this study was to identify and evaluate the weed species present in these cities and determine their dominance index. The best strategies for controlling and managing weeds in strawberry cultivation in these cities can be identified by examining the weed flora in these fields. This research can help farmers and agricultural experts in these cities improve cultivation performance and control weeds in strawberry fields using more effective methods. Materials and Methods: This study investigated strawberry fields in Mariwan and Kamyaran cities in Kurdistan province in 1399 (2020-2021). Initially, 13 farms in 6 villages in the Kamyaran region and 11 farms in 11 villages in the Mariwan region were selected. Then, sampling from these fields was conducted using the W method. Weed samples were collected and identified based on morphological characteristics and dominance indices. Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the data. Finally, weed species were identified with various dominance indices. Results: The findings of this study showed that in the Kamyaran region, broadleaf weeds such as Convolvulus arvensis, Cirsium arvense, Acroptilon repens, Setaria viridis, and Vicia ervilia had the highest dominance index. Most of these weeds were perennial, except for V. ervilia, an annual weed. In the Mariwan region, all weed species had high dominance indices, but species like Portulaca oleracea and Cynodon dactylon showed the highest dominance index compared to other weeds. These results indicate that strawberry fields in these cities are confronted primarily with broadleaf weeds P. oleracea, and perennial grass weeds, such as C. dactylon. Based on these findings, weed control and management methods in these cities should be tailored to these species and their dominance indices. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, broadleaf weeds such as C. arvensis, C. arvensis, A. repens, S. viridis, and V. ervilia have affected strawberry production and performance in Mariwan and Kamyaran cities. Additionally, weed species like weeds P. oleracea and C. dactylon have the highest dominance index in the Mariwan region compared to other weeds. These findings indicate that specific methods should be used to control and manage different weeds in these cities' strawberry fields. Using effective cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods can lead to better performance in strawberry production in these cities. Furthermore, knowledge about the species and their dominance indices can assist farmers and agricultural experts select suitable methods for weed management and control in their fields. Introduction: This study focuses on one of the main strawberry production centers in the country, especially in the western region and Kurdistan province. This research investigated the weed flora of strawberry fields in the Kurdistan province, specifically in the cities of Mariwan and Kamyaran. The main objective of this study was to identify and evaluate the weed species present in these cities and determine their dominance index. The best strategies for controlling and managing weeds in strawberry cultivation in these cities can be identified by examining the weed flora in these fields. This research can help farmers and agricultural experts in these cities improve cultivation performance and control weeds in strawberry fields using more effective methods. Materials and Methods: This study investigated strawberry fields in Mariwan and Kamyaran cities in Kurdistan province in 1399 (2020-2021). Initially, 13 farms in 6 villages in the Kamyaran region and 11 farms in 11 villages in the Mariwan region were selected. Then, sampling from these fields was conducted using the W method. Weed samples were collected and identified based on morphological characteristics and dominance indices. Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the data. Finally, weed species were identified with various dominance indices. Results: The findings of this study showed that in the Kamyaran region, broadleaf weeds such as Convolvulus arvensis, Cirsium arvense, Acroptilon repens, Setaria viridis, and Vicia ervilia had the highest dominance index. Most of these weeds were perennial, except for V. ervilia, an annual weed. In the Mariwan region, all weed species had high dominance indices, but species like Portulaca oleracea and Cynodon dactylon showed the highest dominance index compared to other weeds. These results indicate that strawberry fields in these cities are confronted primarily with broadleaf weeds P. oleracea, and perennial grass weeds, such as C. dactylon. Based on these findings, weed control and management methods in these cities should be tailored to these species and their dominance indices. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, broadleaf weeds such as C. arvensis, C. arvensis, A. repens, S. viridis, and V. ervilia have affected strawberry production and performance in Mariwan and Kamyaran cities. Additionally, weed species like weeds P. oleracea and C. dactylon have the highest dominance index in the Mariwan region compared to other weeds. These findings indicate that specific methods should be used to control and manage different weeds in these cities' strawberry fields. Using effective cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods can lead to better performance in strawberry production in these cities. Furthermore, knowledge about the species and their dominance indices can assist farmers and agricultural experts select suitable methods for weed management and control in their fields.

https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_7390_028f8e42f74ef695f77cbd692501567a.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 2 2025 06 22 Effect of mycorrhiza and potassium silicate application on morphological and biochemical traits of cv. Camarosa strawberries under heat stress conditions Effect of mycorrhiza and potassium silicate application on morphological and biochemical traits of cv. Camarosa strawberries under heat stress conditions 17 40 7417 10.22069/jopp.2024.21989.3099 FA Aliyeh Shafiee M.Sc. Graduate of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agronomy Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU), Sari, Iran Mehdi Hadadinejad Corresponding Author, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agronomy Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU), Sari, Iran Kamran Ghasemi Associate Prof., Dept. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agronomy Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU), Sari, Iran. Saeed Eshghi Professor, Dept. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Journal Article 2023 12 11 Background and objectives: Nowadays, one of the major challenges facing agriculture worldwide is the phenomenon of global warming and the emergence of heat stress in many agricultural crops. Strawberry is one of the important horticultural crops that climate change and rising air temperatures have had a negative impact on its growth and productivity. Various strategies are used to cope with stresses, which include the use of silicon and inoculation with mycorrhizae bacteria. Silicon has applications in various stresses and has proven effective under heat and drought conditions. Mycorrhizal fungi also delay the reduction in relative water content in the leaves during various stresses by keeping stomata open. The aim of this experiment is to evaluate the effects of application of fungus and potassium silicate on strawberry runners in order to cope with the effect of high temperature stress on runners and plants and study the vegetative growth of runners. Materials and methods: For this purpose, a study was conducted to investigate the effect of potassium silicate and mycorrhizae fungus on tolerance to heat stress in 'Camarosa' strawberry and also to evaluate the possibility of increasing plant tolerance to heat in the research greenhouse of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. After two months of establishment, plants were maintained in a controlled environment (control) and the rest of the plants were transferred to stress temperature. One group of pots were kept in a no-stress space where the day temperature was 25±1 °C and the night temperature was 16±1 °C and the relative humidity was 60±5%, and the other pots were placed under stress in the greenhouse. The plants were placed at 25°C and the greenhouse temperature was increased by 2°C every hour. After seven hours when the greenhouse temperature reached 39°C from 25°C, the greenhouse temperature was adjusted to 40±1°C and the plants were exposed to this stressful temperature for three days. This research was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three factors including two levels of mycorrhizae fungus (with and without mycorrhizae fungus), three levels of potassium silicate (zero, 50 and 100 milligrams per liter) as foliar application and two levels of thermal stress (25 and 41°C) with three replications in soil culture in the greenhouse. Results: The results showed that high temperature stress reduced the characteristics of fresh root weight, leaf dry weight and silicon content. Potassium silicate application improved fresh leaf weight, dry leaf weight, root, relative water content, proline content, etc. Application of 50 milligrams per liter potassium silicate with the addition of mycorrhiza and also in the absence of it significantly increased dry leaf weight by more than 1.2 and 5.3 times, respectively. Also, the highest fresh root weight with a mean of 3.6 grams was observed at 100 milligrams per liter potassium silicate concentration. The highest relative water content of leaves under heat stress treatment was observed in plants inoculated with fungus and without potassium silicate treatment with an average of 89.65%, which made a significant difference with other treatment levels. At a concentration of 100 mg/liter of potassium silicate, a significant increase of 1.6 times in proline content was observed, So, the amount of proline in the control treatment was 0.023 micromole/g on average, which reached 0.0663 micromole/g in the 100 mg/liter treatment. Conclusion: Ultimately, it was determined that high temperature stress affects many biochemical and photosynthetic factors of strawberry plants, and application of 50 milligrams per liter potassium silicate along with mycorrhizae fungus, unlike their separate applications, prevented heat damage to different plant parts. Background and objectives: Nowadays, one of the major challenges facing agriculture worldwide is the phenomenon of global warming and the emergence of heat stress in many agricultural crops. Strawberry is one of the important horticultural crops that climate change and rising air temperatures have had a negative impact on its growth and productivity. Various strategies are used to cope with stresses, which include the use of silicon and inoculation with mycorrhizae bacteria. Silicon has applications in various stresses and has proven effective under heat and drought conditions. Mycorrhizal fungi also delay the reduction in relative water content in the leaves during various stresses by keeping stomata open. The aim of this experiment is to evaluate the effects of application of fungus and potassium silicate on strawberry runners in order to cope with the effect of high temperature stress on runners and plants and study the vegetative growth of runners. Materials and methods: For this purpose, a study was conducted to investigate the effect of potassium silicate and mycorrhizae fungus on tolerance to heat stress in 'Camarosa' strawberry and also to evaluate the possibility of increasing plant tolerance to heat in the research greenhouse of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. After two months of establishment, plants were maintained in a controlled environment (control) and the rest of the plants were transferred to stress temperature. One group of pots were kept in a no-stress space where the day temperature was 25±1 °C and the night temperature was 16±1 °C and the relative humidity was 60±5%, and the other pots were placed under stress in the greenhouse. The plants were placed at 25°C and the greenhouse temperature was increased by 2°C every hour. After seven hours when the greenhouse temperature reached 39°C from 25°C, the greenhouse temperature was adjusted to 40±1°C and the plants were exposed to this stressful temperature for three days. This research was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three factors including two levels of mycorrhizae fungus (with and without mycorrhizae fungus), three levels of potassium silicate (zero, 50 and 100 milligrams per liter) as foliar application and two levels of thermal stress (25 and 41°C) with three replications in soil culture in the greenhouse. Results: The results showed that high temperature stress reduced the characteristics of fresh root weight, leaf dry weight and silicon content. Potassium silicate application improved fresh leaf weight, dry leaf weight, root, relative water content, proline content, etc. Application of 50 milligrams per liter potassium silicate with the addition of mycorrhiza and also in the absence of it significantly increased dry leaf weight by more than 1.2 and 5.3 times, respectively. Also, the highest fresh root weight with a mean of 3.6 grams was observed at 100 milligrams per liter potassium silicate concentration. The highest relative water content of leaves under heat stress treatment was observed in plants inoculated with fungus and without potassium silicate treatment with an average of 89.65%, which made a significant difference with other treatment levels. At a concentration of 100 mg/liter of potassium silicate, a significant increase of 1.6 times in proline content was observed, So, the amount of proline in the control treatment was 0.023 micromole/g on average, which reached 0.0663 micromole/g in the 100 mg/liter treatment. Conclusion: Ultimately, it was determined that high temperature stress affects many biochemical and photosynthetic factors of strawberry plants, and application of 50 milligrams per liter potassium silicate along with mycorrhizae fungus, unlike their separate applications, prevented heat damage to different plant parts.

https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_7417_fdd40a434e748490ff96d5529a0d93f0.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 2 2025 06 22 Evaluation of grain yield stability and allelic diversity of glutenin subunits with low molecular weight in advanced lines of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Evaluation of grain yield stability and allelic diversity of glutenin subunits with low molecular weight in advanced lines of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 41 57 6914 10.22069/jopp.2024.22278.3131 FA Tayebeh Jafari Nazarabadi Ph.D. Student of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Ali Asghar Nasrollahnezhad Ghomi Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran 0000-0002-8569-9767 Alaeddin Kordenaeej Assistant Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. Khalil Zenalinezhad . Assistant Prof., Dept. of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran 0000-0002-8781-4845 Journal Article 2024 04 04 Introduction and purpose: The quantitative traits are severely influenced by environmental factors, the most important result of which is that the relationship between genotype and phenotype remains hidden, incompletely or completely. Therefore, it is very important for the breeder to know the effect of the environment on quantitative traits. One of the important quality characteristics in wheat breeding is the quality of stored proteins. Glutenins with low molecular weight have an effect on the formation of large glutenin polymers and the elasticity of the dough, and all products made from bread wheat require a dough with large elasticity. The goals of the present research are to investigate the interaction effect of genotype x environment using univariate methods in advanced backcrossing lines of bread wheat, to identify and introduce lines with high and stable economic performance and improved cultivars containing desirable alleles of glutenin with low molecular weight. Materials and methods: In current research, the stability of grain yield of five advanced backcross lines of bread wheat (BC2F6) along with their parents in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in three locations of Tehran, Kermanshah and Gorgan and cultivation years (2017-2018) and (2018- 2019) were investigated. Each line was planted in plots with eight rows of four meters length with 25 cm distance. DNA extraction was done according to Doyle and Doyle (1987) method. The quality and quantity of extracted genomic DNA were evaluated using 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR reaction for amplification of marker fragments was performed using four pairs of allele-specific primers of low molecular weight glutenin encoding genes in a volume of 15 microliters. Separation of amplified marker fragments were done using 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Findings: The results of composite variance analysis showed a highly significant difference at one percent probability level for the effect of environment and interaction effect of genotype × environment. No significant difference was observed between the studied genotypes for grain yield. Based on the results obtained from Rick, Eberhut and Russell's equivalence and the coefficient of phenotypic changes of genotype L4, based on the results of Finley and Wilkinson's method and the stability variance of Shokla genotype L3 and L4 and based on methods of Plaisted and Peterson and Plaisted genotype 4 as stable line with high performance compared to the other tested genotypes. In the investigation of the allelic diversity of glutenin subunits with low molecular weight, the results showed that the size of the replication bands between the recurrent parent of Typhoon and the five lines resulting from backcrossing (L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5) in four primers were investigated. Conclusions: In the general summary of the methods used, the L4 genotype is introduced as a stable line with high performance, and to obtain the maximum performance, it is suggested to cultivate this line in the investigated environments. Four gene loci controlling glutenin with low molecular weight investigated as an effective factor in bakery value have been transferred from the periodic parent Typhoon, which is a cultivar with high bakery quality, to the progeny resulting from backcrossing, so the progeny have high bakery quality. Keywords: stability, allelic diversity, low molecular weight glutenin subunits, wheat Introduction and purpose: The quantitative traits are severely influenced by environmental factors, the most important result of which is that the relationship between genotype and phenotype remains hidden, incompletely or completely. Therefore, it is very important for the breeder to know the effect of the environment on quantitative traits. One of the important quality characteristics in wheat breeding is the quality of stored proteins. Glutenins with low molecular weight have an effect on the formation of large glutenin polymers and the elasticity of the dough, and all products made from bread wheat require a dough with large elasticity. The goals of the present research are to investigate the interaction effect of genotype x environment using univariate methods in advanced backcrossing lines of bread wheat, to identify and introduce lines with high and stable economic performance and improved cultivars containing desirable alleles of glutenin with low molecular weight. Materials and methods: In current research, the stability of grain yield of five advanced backcross lines of bread wheat (BC2F6) along with their parents in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in three locations of Tehran, Kermanshah and Gorgan and cultivation years (2017-2018) and (2018- 2019) were investigated. Each line was planted in plots with eight rows of four meters length with 25 cm distance. DNA extraction was done according to Doyle and Doyle (1987) method. The quality and quantity of extracted genomic DNA were evaluated using 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR reaction for amplification of marker fragments was performed using four pairs of allele-specific primers of low molecular weight glutenin encoding genes in a volume of 15 microliters. Separation of amplified marker fragments were done using 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Findings: The results of composite variance analysis showed a highly significant difference at one percent probability level for the effect of environment and interaction effect of genotype × environment. No significant difference was observed between the studied genotypes for grain yield. Based on the results obtained from Rick, Eberhut and Russell's equivalence and the coefficient of phenotypic changes of genotype L4, based on the results of Finley and Wilkinson's method and the stability variance of Shokla genotype L3 and L4 and based on methods of Plaisted and Peterson and Plaisted genotype 4 as stable line with high performance compared to the other tested genotypes. In the investigation of the allelic diversity of glutenin subunits with low molecular weight, the results showed that the size of the replication bands between the recurrent parent of Typhoon and the five lines resulting from backcrossing (L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5) in four primers were investigated. Conclusions: In the general summary of the methods used, the L4 genotype is introduced as a stable line with high performance, and to obtain the maximum performance, it is suggested to cultivate this line in the investigated environments. Four gene loci controlling glutenin with low molecular weight investigated as an effective factor in bakery value have been transferred from the periodic parent Typhoon, which is a cultivar with high bakery quality, to the progeny resulting from backcrossing, so the progeny have high bakery quality. Keywords: stability, allelic diversity, low molecular weight glutenin subunits, wheat

https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_6914_996f82787f74cb95c2b8e96050e2edd6.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 2 2025 06 22 Effect of gum ghatti and SoluPotasse on phenological and physiological indices related to spring cold tolerance of grapevine Effect of gum ghatti and SoluPotasse on phenological and physiological indices related to spring cold tolerance of grapevine 59 79 6843 10.22069/jopp.2024.22382.3139 FA Nasim Paveh M.Sc. Graduate in Horticultural Science, Dept. of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran Rouholah Karimi Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran Journal Article 2024 04 23 Background and Objectives: Spring cold is one of the main problems for grapevines in temperate regions, in some cases the severity of damage is very high and sometimes the entire crop will be lost. For this reason, it is necessary to use compounds that delay the bud burst and increase cold tolerance in vines. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of foliar spraying of gum ghatti (GG) and SoluPotasse (SOP) on bud burst time and cold tolerance of Bidane-Sefid grapes. Materials and Methods: This experiment was carried out factorially (2×3) based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications (one vine per replication). The first factor included GG in two concentrations (0 and 0.5%) and the second factor included SOP in three concentrations (0, 1 and 2%). Foliar spraying of different concentrations of GG and SOP was done in two stages in late March and early April, just before wooly bud stage until the buds were fully swollen, using a 10-liter sprayer until the water-drip stage on the vines. Results: According to the results, the highest effect of GG and SOP on bud burst time was related to the vines treated with 0.5% GG in combination with 2% SOP and the lowest effect was related to the control vines. Also, the highest days to bloom were related to the vines treated with 0.5% GG alone, and the lowest days to bloom were related to the vines treated with 1% SOP. Likewise, the highest percentage of fruit set was related to vines treated with 0.5% GG and 1% SOP. The highest and lowest content of ion leakage was related to control vines and vines treated with 0.5% GG + 2% SOP, respectively. Also, the highest content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide was related to the control vines and the lowest content of these membrane stability indices was related to those vines treated with the combination of 0.5% GG + 1% SOP. The highest content of proline and soluble carbohydrates was related to vines treated with 0.5% GG in combination with 1% SOP, and the lowest content of these osmoregulants was related to control vines. The highest content of total phenol was related to the vines treated with 1% SOP and the lowest content of this secondary metabolite was related to the control vines. The highest flavonoid content was related to the vines treated with the combination of 0.5% GG and 1% SOP, and its lowest content was related to vines sprayed with 0.5% GG alone. The leaf chlorophyll content was the highest in vines treated with 1% SOP alone. Similarly, the highest activity of catalase enzyme was related to vines treated with 0.5% GG in combination with 2% SOP, and the highest activity of guaiacol-peroxidase and protein content was related to those vines treated with 0.5% GG and 1% SOP. The highest content of abscisic acid and the lowest content of gibberellin were related to vines treated with 0.5% GG + 1% SOP. The highest spermine content was related to the vines treated with the second level of in combination with the second level of SOP. Moreover, the highest content of spermidine was related to the vines treated with 2% SOP alone. Conclusion: In general, the application of GG as a polysaccharide coating in combination with SOP as a source of potassium by extending the dormancy time and increasing the concentration of abscisic acid and soluble sugars led to a delay in bud burst and increased spring cold tolerance in grapevine plants. Background and Objectives: Spring cold is one of the main problems for grapevines in temperate regions, in some cases the severity of damage is very high and sometimes the entire crop will be lost. For this reason, it is necessary to use compounds that delay the bud burst and increase cold tolerance in vines. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of foliar spraying of gum ghatti (GG) and SoluPotasse (SOP) on bud burst time and cold tolerance of Bidane-Sefid grapes. Materials and Methods: This experiment was carried out factorially (2×3) based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications (one vine per replication). The first factor included GG in two concentrations (0 and 0.5%) and the second factor included SOP in three concentrations (0, 1 and 2%). Foliar spraying of different concentrations of GG and SOP was done in two stages in late March and early April, just before wooly bud stage until the buds were fully swollen, using a 10-liter sprayer until the water-drip stage on the vines. Results: According to the results, the highest effect of GG and SOP on bud burst time was related to the vines treated with 0.5% GG in combination with 2% SOP and the lowest effect was related to the control vines. Also, the highest days to bloom were related to the vines treated with 0.5% GG alone, and the lowest days to bloom were related to the vines treated with 1% SOP. Likewise, the highest percentage of fruit set was related to vines treated with 0.5% GG and 1% SOP. The highest and lowest content of ion leakage was related to control vines and vines treated with 0.5% GG + 2% SOP, respectively. Also, the highest content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide was related to the control vines and the lowest content of these membrane stability indices was related to those vines treated with the combination of 0.5% GG + 1% SOP. The highest content of proline and soluble carbohydrates was related to vines treated with 0.5% GG in combination with 1% SOP, and the lowest content of these osmoregulants was related to control vines. The highest content of total phenol was related to the vines treated with 1% SOP and the lowest content of this secondary metabolite was related to the control vines. The highest flavonoid content was related to the vines treated with the combination of 0.5% GG and 1% SOP, and its lowest content was related to vines sprayed with 0.5% GG alone. The leaf chlorophyll content was the highest in vines treated with 1% SOP alone. Similarly, the highest activity of catalase enzyme was related to vines treated with 0.5% GG in combination with 2% SOP, and the highest activity of guaiacol-peroxidase and protein content was related to those vines treated with 0.5% GG and 1% SOP. The highest content of abscisic acid and the lowest content of gibberellin were related to vines treated with 0.5% GG + 1% SOP. The highest spermine content was related to the vines treated with the second level of in combination with the second level of SOP. Moreover, the highest content of spermidine was related to the vines treated with 2% SOP alone. Conclusion: In general, the application of GG as a polysaccharide coating in combination with SOP as a source of potassium by extending the dormancy time and increasing the concentration of abscisic acid and soluble sugars led to a delay in bud burst and increased spring cold tolerance in grapevine plants.

https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_6843_e8c44f37ef50c4d41071e7c339eea355.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 2 2025 06 22 Alleviation of water deficit effects in forage pea (Pisum arvense L.) by organic fertilizers application and supplementary irrigation Alleviation of water deficit effects in forage pea (Pisum arvense L.) by organic fertilizers application and supplementary irrigation 81 101 7167 10.22069/jopp.2025.22473.3147 FA Vahidea Ghorbani Ghoshchi M.Sc. Graduate of Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Jalal Jalilian Corresponding Author, Professor of the Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Razieh Khlilzadeh Assistant Prof. of the Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 22 Background and objectives: Legumes are plants that are strong in protein and fix nitrogen biologically, which makes them an important source of both quantity and quality sustenance for human populations. Water deficit is one of the most important parameters limiting the growth and production of plants. Many physiological processes in plants, including enzyme activity, membrane stability, photosynthesis, respiration, ion absorption, carbohydrate and nutrient metabolism, and finally growth, are disrupted due to water deficiet. Supplementary irrigation and the use of organic fertilizers are one of the important methods for mitigating the negative effects of water deficiet and preventing harm caused by the indiscriminate application of chemical fertilizers. The purpose of this research was to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and use of organic fertilizers, as well as to understand the effect of supplementary irrigation in rainy conditions on the characteristics of forage pea. Materials and methods: In this research the effect of organic fertilizers (application of 10 t ha-1 of vermicompost, 20 t ha-1 of cow manure and without organic fertilizer (control)) and supplementary irrigation (once irrigation at the 50% flowering stage, twice irrigations at the 50% flowering and 50% podding stages and no-irrigation (control)) were investigated on morphophysiological characteristics and grain filling components of forage pea. The factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in farming at the agricultural service center of Kora Sani in Salmas city in West Azarbaijan province in 2022. Results: Water deficit stress compared to once and twice supplementary irrigation increased the leaves proline content by 42.2 and 48.7% respectively, and decreased total chlorophyll content by 40.3 and 50.3%, carotenoid content by 46.7 and 58.9%, the amount of soluble sugars by 32.3 and 36.7%, rate grain filling by 16.6 and 31.3% and grain yield by 28.1 and 57.5%, respectively. On the other hand, the use of cow manure and vermicompost improved proline content by 20.5 and 40.6%, soluble sugars by 43.6 and 49.1%, total chlorophyll content by 28.7 and 37.3%, carotenoid content by 86.2 and 85.2%, rate grain filling by 44.6 and 49.2% and grain yield by 39.8 and 81.8%, respectively, in comparison without fertilizer (control). The positive effect of vermicompost and cow manure on grain yield both under stress conditions (without irrigation) and supplementary irrigation conditions can be attributed to the high rate grain filling and the improvement of other morphological and physiological traits. Conclusion: Cow manure and vermicompost appear to partially mitigate the negative effects of drought stress by lowering oxidative stress induced damage to photosynthetic pigments and enhancing the production of suitable osmolytes like as proline and soluble sugars, so it is possible to use these fertilizers in conjunction with once or twice supplementary irrigations to improve forage pea yield and yield components under rainfed conditions. Background and objectives: Legumes are plants that are strong in protein and fix nitrogen biologically, which makes them an important source of both quantity and quality sustenance for human populations. Water deficit is one of the most important parameters limiting the growth and production of plants. Many physiological processes in plants, including enzyme activity, membrane stability, photosynthesis, respiration, ion absorption, carbohydrate and nutrient metabolism, and finally growth, are disrupted due to water deficiet. Supplementary irrigation and the use of organic fertilizers are one of the important methods for mitigating the negative effects of water deficiet and preventing harm caused by the indiscriminate application of chemical fertilizers. The purpose of this research was to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and use of organic fertilizers, as well as to understand the effect of supplementary irrigation in rainy conditions on the characteristics of forage pea. Materials and methods: In this research the effect of organic fertilizers (application of 10 t ha-1 of vermicompost, 20 t ha-1 of cow manure and without organic fertilizer (control)) and supplementary irrigation (once irrigation at the 50% flowering stage, twice irrigations at the 50% flowering and 50% podding stages and no-irrigation (control)) were investigated on morphophysiological characteristics and grain filling components of forage pea. The factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in farming at the agricultural service center of Kora Sani in Salmas city in West Azarbaijan province in 2022. Results: Water deficit stress compared to once and twice supplementary irrigation increased the leaves proline content by 42.2 and 48.7% respectively, and decreased total chlorophyll content by 40.3 and 50.3%, carotenoid content by 46.7 and 58.9%, the amount of soluble sugars by 32.3 and 36.7%, rate grain filling by 16.6 and 31.3% and grain yield by 28.1 and 57.5%, respectively. On the other hand, the use of cow manure and vermicompost improved proline content by 20.5 and 40.6%, soluble sugars by 43.6 and 49.1%, total chlorophyll content by 28.7 and 37.3%, carotenoid content by 86.2 and 85.2%, rate grain filling by 44.6 and 49.2% and grain yield by 39.8 and 81.8%, respectively, in comparison without fertilizer (control). The positive effect of vermicompost and cow manure on grain yield both under stress conditions (without irrigation) and supplementary irrigation conditions can be attributed to the high rate grain filling and the improvement of other morphological and physiological traits. Conclusion: Cow manure and vermicompost appear to partially mitigate the negative effects of drought stress by lowering oxidative stress induced damage to photosynthetic pigments and enhancing the production of suitable osmolytes like as proline and soluble sugars, so it is possible to use these fertilizers in conjunction with once or twice supplementary irrigations to improve forage pea yield and yield components under rainfed conditions.

https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_7167_3c2bf86836a7157585fb3b307f511386.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 2 2025 06 22 The effect of foliar application time of urea and some microelements on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of kiwifruit cv. Hayward The effect of foliar application time of urea and some microelements on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of kiwifruit cv. Hayward 103 127 6901 10.22069/jopp.2024.22478.3148 FA Ebrahim Abedi Gheshlaghi Corresponding Author, Assistant Prof., Horticulture Crops Research Dept., Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran Masoumeh Kiaeshkevarian Researcher of Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Horticulture Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ramsar, Iran Tahereh Raiesi Associate Prof., Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Horticulture Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ramsar, Iran. Malek Ghasemi Assistant Prof., Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Horticulture Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ramsar, Iran Somaieh ShahNazari Researcher of Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Horticulture Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ramsar, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 24 Background and objectives: Foliar application is a supplementary method for reducing fertilizer consumption. In some cases, it is used to immediately provide plants with specific nutrients and compensate for low nutrient absorption from the soil in early spring due to reduced root activity. This method offers several advantages, such as preventing fertilizer loss from the soil surface, high nutrient recycling, improved nutrient absorption, reduced fertilizer usage, and consequently less environmental damage. Nutrient supply is essential during critical plant growth stages, such as flower induction, flower initiation, reproductive organ differentiation, and fruit development, when there is competition between roots and fruits for nutrient absorption. This study aimed to investigate the impact of foliar application of nutrients on the yield and various quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Hayward cultivar kiwifruit during the harvest and storage period over two years in Astara county. Materials and methods: This experiment was conducted during the years 2020-2022 on kiwifruit vines with nutrients including urea (1%), zinc sulfate (2000 ppm), boric acid (1500 ppm), and manganese sulfate (1500 ppm) at three times, including before the flowering time in mid-summer, bud swelling in late winter and before sepals splitting in spring. Also, in the control treatment, kiwifruit vines were sprayed with water. After harvesting, the fruits were transferred to cold storage and the quality of the fruit was monitored under different treatments of the nutrient elements application time for three months with one-month intervals. Field experiment and storage data were analyzed as randomized complete block and factorial design respectively. In the factorial design, the first factor was the spraying time in four levels and the second factor was the storage period in three levels. Statistical analysis of all obtained data was done using SAS statistical software (version 9) and comparing treatment means with Duncan's test at a 5% probability level. Results: The results showed that the yield in the second year was 15% higher than the first year. Winter foliar spraying with an average yield of 98.98 kg/vine produced the highest amount of yield and showed a significant difference compared to all treatments. The heaviest fruits with an average of more than 109 grams without significant difference were observed in summer and spring foliar spraying treatments in the second year. Kiwifruit vines showed the highest fertility index and soluble solids in winter foliar spraying treatment. Foliar spraying in winter and spring reduced the amount of total phenol in the fruit at the time of harvest but had no significant effect on the antioxidant capacity of the fruit. Also, the examination of the results during three months of storage of fruits in cold storage showed that the lowest and highest amount of soluble solids of fruit was observed with 8.70% and 16.33%, respectively, at the time of harvest and the end of the third month of storage of the first year. The total acidity of the fruit decreased during the storage period and reached its lowest value at the end of the cold storage at 1.84%. The highest amount of vitamin C in the fruit was observed at 41.91 mg/g in the winter treatment at the time of harvest, and the lowest amount was observed at 29.04 mg/g at the end of the first year of storage. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the current research, simultaneous foliar spraying of urea, zinc sulfate, boric acid, and manganese sulfate during mid-summer (flowering time) or late winter (bud swelling) yields better results compared to spring foliar spraying. This practice has been shown to improve fruit yield as well as some quantity and quality traits of the fruit. Background and objectives: Foliar application is a supplementary method for reducing fertilizer consumption. In some cases, it is used to immediately provide plants with specific nutrients and compensate for low nutrient absorption from the soil in early spring due to reduced root activity. This method offers several advantages, such as preventing fertilizer loss from the soil surface, high nutrient recycling, improved nutrient absorption, reduced fertilizer usage, and consequently less environmental damage. Nutrient supply is essential during critical plant growth stages, such as flower induction, flower initiation, reproductive organ differentiation, and fruit development, when there is competition between roots and fruits for nutrient absorption. This study aimed to investigate the impact of foliar application of nutrients on the yield and various quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Hayward cultivar kiwifruit during the harvest and storage period over two years in Astara county. Materials and methods: This experiment was conducted during the years 2020-2022 on kiwifruit vines with nutrients including urea (1%), zinc sulfate (2000 ppm), boric acid (1500 ppm), and manganese sulfate (1500 ppm) at three times, including before the flowering time in mid-summer, bud swelling in late winter and before sepals splitting in spring. Also, in the control treatment, kiwifruit vines were sprayed with water. After harvesting, the fruits were transferred to cold storage and the quality of the fruit was monitored under different treatments of the nutrient elements application time for three months with one-month intervals. Field experiment and storage data were analyzed as randomized complete block and factorial design respectively. In the factorial design, the first factor was the spraying time in four levels and the second factor was the storage period in three levels. Statistical analysis of all obtained data was done using SAS statistical software (version 9) and comparing treatment means with Duncan's test at a 5% probability level. Results: The results showed that the yield in the second year was 15% higher than the first year. Winter foliar spraying with an average yield of 98.98 kg/vine produced the highest amount of yield and showed a significant difference compared to all treatments. The heaviest fruits with an average of more than 109 grams without significant difference were observed in summer and spring foliar spraying treatments in the second year. Kiwifruit vines showed the highest fertility index and soluble solids in winter foliar spraying treatment. Foliar spraying in winter and spring reduced the amount of total phenol in the fruit at the time of harvest but had no significant effect on the antioxidant capacity of the fruit. Also, the examination of the results during three months of storage of fruits in cold storage showed that the lowest and highest amount of soluble solids of fruit was observed with 8.70% and 16.33%, respectively, at the time of harvest and the end of the third month of storage of the first year. The total acidity of the fruit decreased during the storage period and reached its lowest value at the end of the cold storage at 1.84%. The highest amount of vitamin C in the fruit was observed at 41.91 mg/g in the winter treatment at the time of harvest, and the lowest amount was observed at 29.04 mg/g at the end of the first year of storage. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the current research, simultaneous foliar spraying of urea, zinc sulfate, boric acid, and manganese sulfate during mid-summer (flowering time) or late winter (bud swelling) yields better results compared to spring foliar spraying. This practice has been shown to improve fruit yield as well as some quantity and quality traits of the fruit.

https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_6901_44d509635e09c4443aaae9cb97ddd21e.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 2 2025 06 22 Investigating the morphophysiological and phytochemical response of cinnamon basil to some growth stimulants Investigating the morphophysiological and phytochemical response of cinnamon basil to some growth stimulants 129 153 7057 10.22069/jopp.2024.22511.3151 FA Mina Razavi Amin M.Sc. Student of Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Mahmood Ramroudi Corresponding Author, Professor, Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Zeynab Mohkami Assistant Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agriculture Institute, Research Institute of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Alireza Sirousmehr Associate Prof., Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Journal Article 2024 06 22 Background and objectives: the use of biological stimulants in the direction of producing biological products compatible with the environment and in connection with modern agriculture can increase the quantitative and qualitative growth and reduce the effects of environmental stress on them. Cinnamon basil medicinal plant has anticonvulsant, invigorating, tonic, diuretic, digestive booster, anti-bloating, anti-vertigo and anti-vomiting effects. This study was conducted to investigate the physiomorphological and phytochemical responses of Ocimum basilicum to biological stimulants. Materials and methods: This experiment was carried out as a factorial in the form of a completely random basic design with three replications in the 2022-2033 in greenhouse of the Agricultural Research Institute of Zabol Research Institute located in Chah-Nimeh, Zahak City. Test treatments include foliar spraying with brassinosteroid at 3 levels (0, 200, 400 ppm), carrageenan (0, 150, 300 ppm) and zinc nanoparticles synthesized in ginseng extract. (0, 100, 500 ppm) and were sprayed in stages of 4, 8, and 12 leaves. After one growing season and during the flowering season of the plants, morphological parameters such as plant height, number of inflorescences per plant, number of flowers per inflorescence, fresh and dry weight of the plant were measured. Also, physiological parameters such as photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll) and anthocyanin by spectrophotometric method and phytochemical parameters such as total phenol content by Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent method, total flavonoid by Aluminum chloride colorimetric method, antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH free radical inhibition percentage method. The data were analyzed with SAS statistical software version 9.1 and the average was compared with LSD test at the 5% probability level. Results: The results showed that plant height, number of inflorescences per plant, number of florets per inflorescence, inflorescence length, plant dry weight, amount of chlorophyll a, b and total, total phenol, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity under the effect of foliar spraying with biological stimulants (in the flowering season) increased significantly. The highest phenolic content (150.49 mg Gallic acid equivalent/gram fresh weight) was accumulated in the foliar treatment with 150 ppm carrageenan + 100 ppm green synthesized nanoparticles. Green zinc nanoparticles had the greatest effect on the antioxidant activity of cinnamon basil extract; So that the highest percentage of inhibition of DPPH free radicals (92.66%) was observed. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that Brrassinosteroid stimulants, carrageenan, and zinc nanoparticles synthesized in ginseng extract in high concentrations were effective in stimulating vegetative growth and increasing the synthesis of some secondary metabolites. Background and objectives: the use of biological stimulants in the direction of producing biological products compatible with the environment and in connection with modern agriculture can increase the quantitative and qualitative growth and reduce the effects of environmental stress on them. Cinnamon basil medicinal plant has anticonvulsant, invigorating, tonic, diuretic, digestive booster, anti-bloating, anti-vertigo and anti-vomiting effects. This study was conducted to investigate the physiomorphological and phytochemical responses of Ocimum basilicum to biological stimulants. Materials and methods: This experiment was carried out as a factorial in the form of a completely random basic design with three replications in the 2022-2033 in greenhouse of the Agricultural Research Institute of Zabol Research Institute located in Chah-Nimeh, Zahak City. Test treatments include foliar spraying with brassinosteroid at 3 levels (0, 200, 400 ppm), carrageenan (0, 150, 300 ppm) and zinc nanoparticles synthesized in ginseng extract. (0, 100, 500 ppm) and were sprayed in stages of 4, 8, and 12 leaves. After one growing season and during the flowering season of the plants, morphological parameters such as plant height, number of inflorescences per plant, number of flowers per inflorescence, fresh and dry weight of the plant were measured. Also, physiological parameters such as photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll) and anthocyanin by spectrophotometric method and phytochemical parameters such as total phenol content by Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent method, total flavonoid by Aluminum chloride colorimetric method, antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH free radical inhibition percentage method. The data were analyzed with SAS statistical software version 9.1 and the average was compared with LSD test at the 5% probability level. Results: The results showed that plant height, number of inflorescences per plant, number of florets per inflorescence, inflorescence length, plant dry weight, amount of chlorophyll a, b and total, total phenol, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity under the effect of foliar spraying with biological stimulants (in the flowering season) increased significantly. The highest phenolic content (150.49 mg Gallic acid equivalent/gram fresh weight) was accumulated in the foliar treatment with 150 ppm carrageenan + 100 ppm green synthesized nanoparticles. Green zinc nanoparticles had the greatest effect on the antioxidant activity of cinnamon basil extract; So that the highest percentage of inhibition of DPPH free radicals (92.66%) was observed. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that Brrassinosteroid stimulants, carrageenan, and zinc nanoparticles synthesized in ginseng extract in high concentrations were effective in stimulating vegetative growth and increasing the synthesis of some secondary metabolites.

https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_7057_886a642749cd3f80872821bc8365be7b.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 2 2025 06 22 The Effect of Colchicine Treatment and In vitro Polyploidy Induction on Quantity and Quality of the Phenolic Compounds of Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G. Don The Effect of Colchicine Treatment and In vitro Polyploidy Induction on Quantity and Quality of the Phenolic Compounds of Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G. Don 155 173 6941 10.22069/jopp.2024.22526.3152 FA Elnaz Norouzi Pakzad Ph.D. Secondary Metabolite Production in Biological System Research Department, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), West Azarbaijan Branch, Urmia, Iran Ahad Hedayati Corresponding Author, Assistant Prof., Secondary Metabolite Production in Biological System Research Department, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), West Azarbaijan Branch, Urmia, Iran. Hadi Madani Ph.D. Graduate, Dept. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2024 06 11 ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G. Don) is an important medicinal plant with a wide distribution that has attracted increasing attention due to its high pharmacological value and different biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer. Besides alkaloids, this plant produces a wide range of phenolic compounds. Due to the effects of polyploidy on the growth and development of plants, chromosome doubling has been used as a method in plant breeding to increase the valuable desired compound levels and improve morphological characteristics, and these changes depend on the plant species and cultivar. Hence, the aim of this paper was to explore the possibility of using polyploidy as a breeding method to compare the growth traits also investigate total phenolic and flavonoid content as well as, polyphenolic compounds accumulation between tetraploid and diploid plants in 'Red Really' and' Polka Dot' cultivars. Materials and methods: In this study, in vitro apical buds of seedlings of 'Red Really' and ' Polka Dot' cultivars, were treated by various concentrations of colchicine (0, 0/05, 0/1, 0/2 and 0/5 %) at three exposure time (24, 48 and 72 h). To distinguish the ploidy level of seedlings flow cytometry and chromosome counting were performed. After establishing tetraploid seedlings, total phenol and flavonoid content was measured. Extraction and analysis of phenolic compounds conducted using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Results: In our experiment, the concentration and exposure time of colchicine and their interaction effected the tetraploidy percentage. karyotype analysis suggested that the number of chromosomes in the diploids species was 2n=2x=18 and tetraploids plants contained 2n=4x=36. The maximum tetraploidy frequency was observed at the 0.2% colchicine for 48h in 'Red Really' and 0.1% colchicine for 48h in ' Polka Dot'. The polyploid seedlings produced, visible changes in total phenol and flavonoid content compared to diploids. Also, gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid, quercetin, cinnamic acid and apigenin content increased compared to diploid plants. Conclusions: Despite the high economic and therapeutic value of C. roseus, there has been scarce investigation of polyploidy induction on various cultivars of this plant, although there are previous protocols, but they may not be effective on all cultivars. According to our results, polyploidization caused a significant increase in polyphenolic compound contents, especially cinnamic acid, apigenin, and quercetin in "Polka Dot". On the other hand, induced tetraploids of both cultivars had a significantly higher content of total phenol and flavonoid. Also, our results showed that polyploidization allows the creation of plant forms containing greater amounts of biologically active compounds than their diploid counterparts and resulting polyploid lines have the potential to be used in breeding programs to develop C. roseus cultivars. ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G. Don) is an important medicinal plant with a wide distribution that has attracted increasing attention due to its high pharmacological value and different biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer. Besides alkaloids, this plant produces a wide range of phenolic compounds. Due to the effects of polyploidy on the growth and development of plants, chromosome doubling has been used as a method in plant breeding to increase the valuable desired compound levels and improve morphological characteristics, and these changes depend on the plant species and cultivar. Hence, the aim of this paper was to explore the possibility of using polyploidy as a breeding method to compare the growth traits also investigate total phenolic and flavonoid content as well as, polyphenolic compounds accumulation between tetraploid and diploid plants in 'Red Really' and' Polka Dot' cultivars. Materials and methods: In this study, in vitro apical buds of seedlings of 'Red Really' and ' Polka Dot' cultivars, were treated by various concentrations of colchicine (0, 0/05, 0/1, 0/2 and 0/5 %) at three exposure time (24, 48 and 72 h). To distinguish the ploidy level of seedlings flow cytometry and chromosome counting were performed. After establishing tetraploid seedlings, total phenol and flavonoid content was measured. Extraction and analysis of phenolic compounds conducted using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Results: In our experiment, the concentration and exposure time of colchicine and their interaction effected the tetraploidy percentage. karyotype analysis suggested that the number of chromosomes in the diploids species was 2n=2x=18 and tetraploids plants contained 2n=4x=36. The maximum tetraploidy frequency was observed at the 0.2% colchicine for 48h in 'Red Really' and 0.1% colchicine for 48h in ' Polka Dot'. The polyploid seedlings produced, visible changes in total phenol and flavonoid content compared to diploids. Also, gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid, quercetin, cinnamic acid and apigenin content increased compared to diploid plants. Conclusions: Despite the high economic and therapeutic value of C. roseus, there has been scarce investigation of polyploidy induction on various cultivars of this plant, although there are previous protocols, but they may not be effective on all cultivars. According to our results, polyploidization caused a significant increase in polyphenolic compound contents, especially cinnamic acid, apigenin, and quercetin in "Polka Dot". On the other hand, induced tetraploids of both cultivars had a significantly higher content of total phenol and flavonoid. Also, our results showed that polyploidization allows the creation of plant forms containing greater amounts of biologically active compounds than their diploid counterparts and resulting polyploid lines have the potential to be used in breeding programs to develop C. roseus cultivars.

https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_6941_1454823e68630293016ce1e17c15f489.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 2 2025 06 22 The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation combined with plant growth-promoting bacteria on the growth and photosynthesis indices of two cultivars of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation combined with plant growth-promoting bacteria on the growth and photosynthesis indices of two cultivars of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) 175 192 7058 10.22069/jopp.2024.22514.3156 FA Sonia Aghighi Corresponding Author, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Plant Pathology, Research and Technology Institute of Plant Production, Afzalipour Research Institute, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Narges Hatami Assistant Prof., Dept. of Plant Pathology, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. Shokoofeh Khandani Ph.D. Student of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 06 23 Background and objectives: Considering the important role of medicinal plants including safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) in Iran and Kerman province, application of some microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and growth-promoting bacteria can be important in order to improve the growth indices of safflower. Medicinal plants have useful properties due to their secondary metabolites, and also these plants play an important role in preserving ecosystems, economic development, food security and genetic reserves in Iran. Due to various reasons, the cultivation of medicinal plants is not so simple and sometimes not possible. Among these reasons, we can mention low growth speed, special environmental requirements, low germination rate, seed dormancy period, and sensitivity to some pests and diseases. Since in natural ecosystems, 90% of plant roots co-exist with mycorrhizal fungi and the result of this symbiosis is the activity of the fungus in the direction of absorbing and transferring nutrients to the host plant and receiving carbon compounds resulting from the photosynthesis of the host plant by the symbiotic fungus, therefore such plants , due to the absorption of more nutrients and water, they have better growth and performance and show greater tolerance against various biotic (such as pathogenic factors) and non-biotic (such as lack or poisoning of food, drought, salinity and heavy elements) stresses. Materials and methods: For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of Research and Technology Institute of Plant Production, Shahid Bahoner University of Kerman, Kerman in a factorial based on a completely randomized design in three replications on two safflower cultivars (Goldasht and 6N). In this study, two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi including Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices, and two bacterial species, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas putida were used, and the effect of these treatments on the growth, functional and physiological indices of safflower was investigated. Results: The results showed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and growth-promoting bacteria increased the growth and photosynthetic indices in both safflower cultivars. In general, Goldasht cultivar revealed more response to microbial inoculation compared to 6N cultivar. Out of all treatments, treatment of mycorrhizal fungi and combined application of mycorrhizal fungi with both bacteria in two cultivars affected more traits. The combined application of mycorrhizal fungi with both bacteria increased the seed yield in safflower by 40%. Conclusion: The mutual effects between plant genotype and microbial inoculation on morphological and photosynthetic traits showed that both factors can be involved in improving plant growth and performance. As a result, the application of beneficial microorganisms especially the combination of mycorrhizal fungi and growth-promoting bacteria are effective and therefore recommended for improving the quality of agricultural products. Background and objectives: Considering the important role of medicinal plants including safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) in Iran and Kerman province, application of some microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and growth-promoting bacteria can be important in order to improve the growth indices of safflower. Medicinal plants have useful properties due to their secondary metabolites, and also these plants play an important role in preserving ecosystems, economic development, food security and genetic reserves in Iran. Due to various reasons, the cultivation of medicinal plants is not so simple and sometimes not possible. Among these reasons, we can mention low growth speed, special environmental requirements, low germination rate, seed dormancy period, and sensitivity to some pests and diseases. Since in natural ecosystems, 90% of plant roots co-exist with mycorrhizal fungi and the result of this symbiosis is the activity of the fungus in the direction of absorbing and transferring nutrients to the host plant and receiving carbon compounds resulting from the photosynthesis of the host plant by the symbiotic fungus, therefore such plants , due to the absorption of more nutrients and water, they have better growth and performance and show greater tolerance against various biotic (such as pathogenic factors) and non-biotic (such as lack or poisoning of food, drought, salinity and heavy elements) stresses. Materials and methods: For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of Research and Technology Institute of Plant Production, Shahid Bahoner University of Kerman, Kerman in a factorial based on a completely randomized design in three replications on two safflower cultivars (Goldasht and 6N). In this study, two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi including Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices, and two bacterial species, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas putida were used, and the effect of these treatments on the growth, functional and physiological indices of safflower was investigated. Results: The results showed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and growth-promoting bacteria increased the growth and photosynthetic indices in both safflower cultivars. In general, Goldasht cultivar revealed more response to microbial inoculation compared to 6N cultivar. Out of all treatments, treatment of mycorrhizal fungi and combined application of mycorrhizal fungi with both bacteria in two cultivars affected more traits. The combined application of mycorrhizal fungi with both bacteria increased the seed yield in safflower by 40%. Conclusion: The mutual effects between plant genotype and microbial inoculation on morphological and photosynthetic traits showed that both factors can be involved in improving plant growth and performance. As a result, the application of beneficial microorganisms especially the combination of mycorrhizal fungi and growth-promoting bacteria are effective and therefore recommended for improving the quality of agricultural products.

https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_7058_011b73dfcb24ca149f0dc438e3d5e312.pdf

Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Plant Production Research 2322-2050 32 2 2025 06 22 Effect of biochar on flower yield and growth and physiological characteristics of Althaea officinalis L. under drought stress Effect of biochar on flower yield and growth and physiological characteristics of Althaea officinalis L. under drought stress 193 212 6913 10.22069/jopp.2024.22575.3158 FA Saeid Azizzadeh Namin M.Sc. Student of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Mehdi Behnamian Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Samar Heshmati M.Sc. Student of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Journal Article 2024 06 26 Abstract Background and Objectives: Water shortage is the only serious crisis that no one has taken seriously yet, and its alarm remains silent, because the remaining drops of water can make water an unattainable dream in the future. A large amount of the world's water resources is consumed in agriculture. In Iran, only 12% of the total area of the country is under cultivation, while about 93% of water consumption is in the agricultural sector. Today, due to the lack of water resources and drought, water management is an important part of farm operations and producing quality products. Among the various solutions, adding organic modifiers to the soil is one of the most effective methods in order to maintain soil moisture and fertility. Biochar is considered one of the best methods of soil management and amendment and can be used to increase soil organic matter and improve soil physical and chemical properties. In addition, biochar production makes optimal use of agricultural and industrial waste and can be used to protect the environment and reduce pollutants and convert waste into useful compounds. Materials and Methods: This research done in factorial form in a completely randomized design with four replications in the form of pot cultivation in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The first factor included oak wood biochar in proportions of 0, 5, 10 and 20% and the second factor included 3 levels of irrigation (100, 75 and 50% of agricultural capacity). Drought stress was done by reducing irrigation water based on the agricultural capacity of plants. Flower performance and developmental and physiological characteristics were evaluated. Statistical analysis of data was done with SPSS 21 software. Comparison of means was done with Duncan's multi-range test at 1% and 5% probability level. Results: The results of the research showed that the application of biochar at a ratio of 20% had the greatest increase in the values of growth and vegetative traits such as height, leaf surface, stem diameter and leaf greenness. Also, biochar caused a surprising increase in the yield and characteristics of flowers in the Althaea officinalis L.. The lowest amount of vegetative and reproductive traits in severe drought stress was 50% of the agricultural capacity, and the use of oak wood biochar improved 21.1% in vegetative traits and 81.8% in reproductive traits. Also, by maintaining soil moisture and creating a cationic balance and increasing the absorption of nutrients, biochar improves the performance of plant stomata and increases stomatal conductivity by 65% and reduces ion leakage by 47.6% in severe stress conditions compared to Plants witnessed. With the increase in the level of stress, the production of secondary and antioxidant compounds increased in the plant, and the application of biochar reduced the production of secondary and antioxidant compounds by 21.1% by reducing the negative effects of stress. Conclusion: The present study showed that biochar had a significant effect on increasing the growth, vegetative, flower yield and reproductive characteristics of the Althaea officinalis L. under stress-free conditions and various drought stress levels. Also, biochar showed a positive effect on increasing plant resistance to water deficit by increasing organic matter, maintaining moisture and creating ion balance. According to the results of the research, it is recommended to use oak tree biochar in dry and semi-arid areas to increase plants to water deficit and increase soil fertility. Abstract Background and Objectives: Water shortage is the only serious crisis that no one has taken seriously yet, and its alarm remains silent, because the remaining drops of water can make water an unattainable dream in the future. A large amount of the world's water resources is consumed in agriculture. In Iran, only 12% of the total area of the country is under cultivation, while about 93% of water consumption is in the agricultural sector. Today, due to the lack of water resources and drought, water management is an important part of farm operations and producing quality products. Among the various solutions, adding organic modifiers to the soil is one of the most effective methods in order to maintain soil moisture and fertility. Biochar is considered one of the best methods of soil management and amendment and can be used to increase soil organic matter and improve soil physical and chemical properties. In addition, biochar production makes optimal use of agricultural and industrial waste and can be used to protect the environment and reduce pollutants and convert waste into useful compounds. Materials and Methods: This research done in factorial form in a completely randomized design with four replications in the form of pot cultivation in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The first factor included oak wood biochar in proportions of 0, 5, 10 and 20% and the second factor included 3 levels of irrigation (100, 75 and 50% of agricultural capacity). Drought stress was done by reducing irrigation water based on the agricultural capacity of plants. Flower performance and developmental and physiological characteristics were evaluated. Statistical analysis of data was done with SPSS 21 software. Comparison of means was done with Duncan's multi-range test at 1% and 5% probability level. Results: The results of the research showed that the application of biochar at a ratio of 20% had the greatest increase in the values of growth and vegetative traits such as height, leaf surface, stem diameter and leaf greenness. Also, biochar caused a surprising increase in the yield and characteristics of flowers in the Althaea officinalis L.. The lowest amount of vegetative and reproductive traits in severe drought stress was 50% of the agricultural capacity, and the use of oak wood biochar improved 21.1% in vegetative traits and 81.8% in reproductive traits. Also, by maintaining soil moisture and creating a cationic balance and increasing the absorption of nutrients, biochar improves the performance of plant stomata and increases stomatal conductivity by 65% and reduces ion leakage by 47.6% in severe stress conditions compared to Plants witnessed. With the increase in the level of stress, the production of secondary and antioxidant compounds increased in the plant, and the application of biochar reduced the production of secondary and antioxidant compounds by 21.1% by reducing the negative effects of stress. Conclusion: The present study showed that biochar had a significant effect on increasing the growth, vegetative, flower yield and reproductive characteristics of the Althaea officinalis L. under stress-free conditions and various drought stress levels. Also, biochar showed a positive effect on increasing plant resistance to water deficit by increasing organic matter, maintaining moisture and creating ion balance. According to the results of the research, it is recommended to use oak tree biochar in dry and semi-arid areas to increase plants to water deficit and increase soil fertility.

https://jopp.gau.ac.ir/article_6913_f0db96fce7bef42510ae4e214b9e561b.pdf