تاثیر بذر و پیش‌تیمار آن بر عملکرد و صفات دو رقم پیاز خوراکی (Allium cepa L.)

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه ارومیه

2 استاد گروه زراعت ، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه

3 دانشیار مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان شرقی

4 دانشیار گروه زراعت ، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: این پژوهش به منظور بررسی تاثیر پرایمینگ و اندازۀ بذر بر عملکرد بیولوژیکی، صفات رویشی و فنولوژی ژنوتیپهای پیاز خوراکی انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: به منظور ارزیابی تاثیر پرایمینگ و اندازۀ بذر بر عملکرد بیولوژیکی و صفات رویشی و فنولوژی ژنوتیپهای پیاز خوراکی این پژوهش در دو سال زراعی (1391 و 1392) به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان شرقی اجرا گردید. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل پرایمینگ در چهار سطح (هیدرو پرایمینگ با آب مقطر اسموپرایمینگ با نیترات پتاسیم، پرایمینگ با استفاده از مادۀ فولامین و شاهد) اندازۀ بذر در سه سطح (ریز، متوسط و درشت) و ارقام در دو سطح (قرمزآذرشهر و زرقان) بود.ویژگی‌های عملکرد بیولوژیک، تعداد، طول، سطح و شاخص سطح برگ، نسبت سوخ‌دهی، نسبت برگ، درصد بولتینگ، شمار روز تا سوخ‌دهی، رسیدگی فیزیولوژیکی و برداشت مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که اثر پیش تیمار و اندازۀ بذر از نظر تمام ویژگی‌های مورد بررسی از لحاظ آماری تفاوت معنی‌دار نشان داد. پرایمینگ بذر موجب بهبود عملکرد بیولوژیکی و صفات رویشی و فنولوژی گردید به طوری که بیشترین عملکرد بیولوژیکی، سطح برگ، شاخص سطح برگ و شاخص سوخ‌دهی به ترتیب 98/105تن در هکتار 77/123 سانتی‌مترمربع،25/8 و 99/4 به پرایمینگ با فولامین تعلق داشت و کمترین آنها از تیمار شاهد به‌دست آمد. همچنین مقایسه میانگین‌ها نشان داد که بیشترین عملکرد بیولوژیکی، سطح برگ، شاخص سطح برگ وشاخص سوخ‌دهی به ترتیب 33/100 تن در هکتار 38/119 سانتی‌مترمربع، 96/7 و 98/4 از بذرهای درشت و کمترین آنها از بذر ریز به‌دست آمد. اثر سودمند پرایمینگ و بذر درشت بر عملکرد بیولوژیکی و صفات رویشی و فنولوژی به سبز شدن و استقرار سریع گیاهچه ها و در نهایت استفاده بهتر از نور، رطوبت خاک و عناصر غذایی به وسیله گیاهان حاصل از بذرهای درشت و بذرهای پرایمینگ شده نسبت داده شد. لذا جهت کشت پیاز استفاده ازبذرهای درشت و پرایمینگ با اسید آمینه فولامین در شرایط مشابه آزمایش قابل توصیه است.
نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش پرایمینگ بذر باعث بهبود عملکرد بیولوژیکی و صفات رویشی و فنولوژی گردید. تیمار بذر با استفاده از اسید آمینه فولامین 2% نسبت به سایر روش‌های پیش‌تیمار و اندازه درشت نسبت به سایر اندازه‌های بذر باعث بهبود ویژگی‌های مورد بررسی گردید. بیشترین عملکرد بیولوژیکی، سطح و شاخص سطح برگ و شاخص سوخ‌دهی ازبذرهای درشت و پرایمینگ با ماده فلامین به دست آمد. بنابر این اهمیت پرایمینگ و درجه بندی بذر در این مطالعه آشکار شد، به طوری که برای تضمین عملکرد بیولوژیکی و بهبود صفات رویشی و فنولوژی در پیاز بهتر است ازبذرهای درشت و پرایمینگ با ماده فولامین (2%) استفاده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Pre-treatment and Seed Size on Yield and Characteristics of Two Onion (Allium ce-pa L.) Cultivar

نویسندگان [English]

  • M. Izadkhan 1
  • M. Tajbakhash 2
  • B. Pasban 3
  • J. Jalilian 4
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: The main objective of this work was to study the effect of priming and seed size on biological yield, growth and phonological characteristics of onion genotypes.
Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the effect of priming and seed size on biological yield, growth and phonological characteristics of onion genotypes a factorial field experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2012 and 2013 cropping season at Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of East Azarbayjan, Iran. The experimental treatments included priming (at four levels: hydro priming, osmopriming (in %2 KNO3), priming with falomin amino acid (in 2%) and control (without priming), seed size (at three levels: small, medium and large) and cultivars (at two levels: Red Azarshahr and Zargun). Following charac-teristics such biological yield, number of leave, leave length, leaf area, leaf area index, bulbing ratio, leaf ratio, bolting percent, number of days to bulbing, physiological maturity and number of day to harvest were studied.
Results: Analysis of variance for the measured traits indicated that all characteristics significantly were affected by priming and seed size. Results showed that seed priming and seed size improved biological yield, growth and phonological characteristics. The highest biological yield, leaf area, leaf area index, bulbing ratio, were obtained from plant that primed with folamine 105.98 (T/ha), 123.77cm2, 8.25 and 4.99, respectively and the lowest were achieved from control plants. Also mean comparison indicated that the higher values of biologic yield, leaf area, leaf area Index, bulbing ratio were obtained from large seed size 100.33 (T/ha), 119.38cm2, 7.96 and 4.98, respectively and the lower of it were found to small seed size. Nevertheless, seed priming and seed size improved biological yield, growth and phonological characteristics onion cultivars were attributed to rapid seedling emergence and establishment, and consequently the optimum use of light, soil moisture and nutrients by the plants developed from the primed seeds and seed size.
Conclusion: According to the results and discussion mentioned above seed priming treatments improved biological yield, growth and phonological characteristics as compared to the unprimed. Among the treatments, seed priming with Falomin Amino Acid 2% was more effective than the po-tassium nitrite 2% and hydropriming. Large seed size significantly increased the biological yield, growth and phonological characteristics. Accordingly, the importance of seed priming and seed grading were obvious in this study, so seed priming with Falomin Amino Acid 2% and large seed size should be used for onion planting in order to insure high biological yield, to improve growth and phonological characteristics of onion.Therefore priming with Falomin Amino Acid 2% and large seed are recommended of onion planting for the places with the same environmental conditions our experiment.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bolting
  • Bulbing index
  • Folamine
  • Leaf area index
 1.Aminpoor, R., Mobli, M. and Mirtazawee Bake, A. 2012. Study quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Onion (Allium cepa L.) short days cultivars in Isfahan. J. Hort. Sci. 25: 4. 404 -410. (In persian)
2.Brewster, J.L. 2008. Onions and other vegetable alliums. (2nd ed.). CABI  International.
3.Bosch Serra, A.D. and Currah, L. 2002. Agronomy of onion. In: H.D. Rabinowitch and L. Currah, L. (Eds.). Allium Crop Science: Recent Advanced. (pp. 187-223). CAB Publishing. UK.
4.Dehdari, A., Rezai, A. and Mobli, M. 2001. Morphological and agronomic characteristics of landrace varieties of onion (Allium cepa L.). J. Sci. Technol. Natur. Resour. 5: 2. 109-124. (In Persian).
5.Demir Kaya, M., Okcu Gamze Atak, M., Cikili, Y. and kolsarici, O. 2006. Seed
treatment to overcome Salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (
Helianthus annuus L.). Europ. J. Agron. 24: 291- 295.
6.Demason, D.A. 1990. Morphology and anatomy of allium. In: H.D. Rabinowitch
and J.L. Brewster (Eds.). Onions and Allied crops.Vol. I. CRC Press, Inc., 27-
7.Devaraju, P.J., Nagamani, S., Veere Gowda, R., Yogeesha, H.S., Gowda, R., Nagaraju, K. and Shashidhara, N. 2011. Effect of chemo priming on plant growth and bulb yield in onion. Int. J. Agril., Envron. and Biotech. 4: 2.121- 123.
8.Dorna, H., Jarosz, M., Szopinska, D. Szulc, I. and Rosinska, A. 2013. Germanation,vlgour and health of primed Allium cepa L. seeds after storage. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus. 12: 4. 43-58.
9.Gamiel, S., Smittle, D.A. and Mills, H.A. 1990. Onion seed size, weight, and elemental content affect germination and bulb yield. Horti. Sci. 25(5): 522-523.
10.Ghiyasi, M., Abbasi, A.S., Tajbakhsh, M., Amirnia, R. and Salehzade, H. 2008. Effect of osmopriming with polyethylene glycol 8000 on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed under salt stress. Res. J. Biol. Sci. 3: 10. 1249-1251.
11.Haromoto, E.R. and Gallandt, E.R. 2005. Brassica cover cropping: II. Effects on growth and interfrence of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Weed Sci. 19: 4. 187-198.
12.Iortsuun, D.N. and Khan, A.A. 1999. The pattern of dry- matter distribution during development in onion. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 162: 127 - 134.
13.Izadkhah, M., Tajbakhsh, M., Zardoshti, M.R., Hasnzade, A., Taheri, F., SaberRezaie, M., Feghnabi, F. and Parvizi, S. 2009a. Investigation the influence of planting methods on bulb and biologic yield, harvest index and some morphological triats in onion (Allium cepa L.). Online International J. Agron. Biol. 2: 4. 189-193.
14.Izadkhah, M., Tajbakhsh, M., Hasnzadeand, A. and Moosavezade, S.A. 2009b. Study effects of different planting systems on marketable yield, grading and some bulb quality traits in onion (Allium cepa L.). Online International J. Agron and Biolo. 2: 7. 366-369.
15.Izadkhah, M., Tajbakhsh, M., Zardoshty, M.R. and Hasanzadeh Goratteph, A. 2010c. Evaluation effects of different planting systems on water use efficiency, relative water content and some plant growth parameters in onion (Allium cepa L.). Not. Sci. Biol. 2: 1. 88-93.
16.Izadkhah, M., Tajbakhsh, M. and Amernia, R. 2010d. Effects of different size and age of transplanting of seedling on marketable and biological yield, harvest index and some qualitative characters of long– day and intermediate- day Onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars. J. Horti. Sci. 24: 2. 203-215. (In Persian)
17.Kanton, R.A.L., Abbey, L., Hilla, R.G., Tabil, M.A. and Jan, N.D. 2002. Influence of trasplanting age on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.). Haworth press, Pp: 27-37.
18.Kaya, M.D. and Day, S. 2008. Relationship between seed size and NaCl on germination, seed vigor and early seedling growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Afr. J. Agric. Res. 3: 787-791.
19.Khokhar, K.M., Hidayat, P., Mahmood, T., Hussain, S.I., Bhatti, M.H. and Laghari, M.H. 2002. Effect of seedling/set sizes and planting times on bulb yield and quality in onion cultivar ‘Phulkara’ during autumn season. Asian J. Plant Sci. 1(6): 665-667.
20.Martinz, M.C., Corzo, N. and Villiamiel, M. 2007. Biological properties of onion and garlic. Trends in Food Sci.Technol. 18: 12. 609-625.
21.Masshia, S., Motallebi, A., and Shekari, F. 2001. Effct of different sowing methods on yield and bulb chracteristics in onion (Allium cpea L.). J. Acta Agron. Hungarica, 49(2): 169-174.
22.McDonald, M.B. 2000. Seed priming. Seed technol and its Biological Basis. Pp: 287-325.
23.Mettanada, K.A. and Fordham, R. 1999. The effects of plant size and leaf number on the bulbing of tropical short - day onion cultivars (Allumcepa L.) under controlled environments in the United Kingdom and tropical field conditions in Srilanka. J. Horti. Sci. Biotechnol. 74: 5. 623 - 633.
24.Mirzaee, Y. and Khodadadi, M. 2008. The survey of production methods effects (transplant, onion set and seed) on the some traits in onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars at continued production design in Jiroft region. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 80: 69-76. (In Persian)
25.Mohanty, B.K., Barik, T. and Dora, D.K. 1990. Effect of time of transplanting and age of seedling on yield of onion (Allium cepa L.). Indian J. Agron. 39: 2. 111-113.
26.Moosavezadh, S.A. 2006. Study geneticdiversity Iranian onion landraces using morphological and molecular, Ph.D. Thesis. University of Tabriz, Iran (In Persian)
27.Mut, Z., Akay, H. and Nevzat, A. 2010. Effects of seed size and drought stress on germination and seedling growth of some oat genotypes (Avena sativa L.)Afr. J. Agric. Res. 5: 10. 1101-1107.
28.Pollck, B.M. and E.E. Roose. 1998. Seed and seedling vigour. In: Kozlowski. T.(ed) seed biology. Academic Preess. New York, Pp: 313-387.
29.Rabinowitch, H.D. and Brewster, J.L. 1992. Onions and allied crops. CRC. Press, Inc. Boca Raton. Florida, 1: 57-60.
30.Ram, C., Kumari, P., Singh, O. and Sardana, R.K. 1999. Relationship between seed vigour tests and field emergence chickpea. Seed Sci. Technol. 17: 169-177.
31.Ramtohul, M. and Splittstoesser, W.E. 1999. The effect of bulb and neck size upon establishment, transplanted onion. Horti. Sci. 14: 736-738.
32.Ronald, C., Johnson, D. and Kidman, C. 1990. The effect of bolting and seed stalk removal on yield and sucrose content of sugar beets. J. Amr. Soc. Sugar Beet Techno. 15: 8. 657-660.
33.Rouamba, A., Robert, T., Sarr, A. and Ricroch, A. 1996. A preliminary germplasm evaluation of onion landraces from west Afr. Genome. 39: 1128- 1132.
34.Singh, R.S. 1993. Studies on the effect of different transplanting dates on growth and yield of onion (Allium cepa L). Current Agric. 17(1-2): 41-45.
35.Shanumugasundaram, S. 2001. Onion Cultivasion. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. Learning Center. 9p.
36.Smit, A.D. 1983. Influence of external factors on growth and development of sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation Wageningen, Netherlands. 109p. 37.Spurr, C.J., Fulton, D.A., Brown, P.H. and Clark, R.J. 2002. Changes in seed yield and qulity in onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. Early Cream Gold. J. Agron. Sci. 188: 275-280.
38.Tajbakhsh, M. and Ghiyas, M. 2008. Seed ecology. Urmia Jahad university publication. 389p. (In Persian)
39.Tei, F., Scaife, A. and Aikman, D.P. 1996. Growth of lettuce, onion and red beet. 1. Growth analysis, light interception and radiation use efficiency. Ann. Bot. 78: 633-644.
40.Tuba Bicer, B. 2009. The effect of seed size on yield and yield components of chickpea and lentil. Afr. J. Biotech. 8: 8. 1482-1487.
41.Winter, S.R. and Ohlrorgge, A.J. 1988. Leaf angle, leaf area and corn (Zea mays L.) yield. J. Agron. 65: 395-402.
42.Umair, A., Ali, S., Bashir, K. and Hussain, S. 2010. Evaluation of different seed priming techniques in mungbean (Vigna radiata). Sci. Environ. 29: 181-186.
43.Yarnia, M., Farajzadeh, E. and Tabrizi, M. 2012. Effect of seed priming with different concentration of GA3, IAA and Kinetin on Azarshahr Onion germination and seedling growth. J. Basic. Appl.Sci. Rese. 2: 3. 2657-2661.
44.Zareian, A., Hamidi, A., Sadeghi, H. and Jazaeri, M.R. 2013. Effect of seed size on some germination characteristics, seedling emergence percentage and yield of three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in laboratory and field. MiddleEast J. Sci. Res. 13: 8. 1126-1131.