بهبود عملکرد بذر پیاز طلایی رقم زرگان (Allium cepa L.) با استفاده از کشت مخلوط با زنیان (Carum copticum Heirn) و بابونه آلمانی (Matricaria chamomilla L.)

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 دانشیار گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

3 دانشجوی دکترا، گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

سابقه و هدف:
کشت گیاهان دارویی و معطر به دلیل تنوع شرایط آب و هوایی ایران و قدمت استفاده از گیاهان دارویی از دیرباز از جایگاه ویژه‌ای در نظام‌های سنتی کشاورزی ایران برخوردار بوده و این نظام‌ها از نظر ایجاد تنوع و پایداری نقش مهمی ایفا ‌کرده‌اند. در همین راستا این مطالعه به منظور بررسی تأثیر استفاده از دو گیاه جاذب حشرات بابونه و زنیان در کشت مخلوط با پیاز بذری روی بهبود گرده افشانی و عملکرد بذر پیاز در مزرعه‌ای واقع در 10 کیلومتری غرب شهرستان شیروان واقع در خراسان شمالی اجرا شد.
مواد و روش:
آزمایش بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 10 تیمار و سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل کشت خالص زنیان، کشت مخلوط با نسبت‌های 1:1، 2:2، 3:3 زنیان و پیاز، کشت خالص بابونه، الگوهای کشت مخلوط 1:1، 2:2، 3:3 بابونه و پیاز، کشت خالص پیاز در داخل تور و کشت خالص پیاز بدون تور بودند. صفات مورد اندازه گیری برای پیاز ارتفاع بوته، تعداد چتر در متر مربع، تعداد کپسول بارور در چتر، تعداد کپسول نابارور، تعداد دانه در کپسول، تعداد ساقه گل‌دهنده، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه در هکتار و شاخص برداشت بود و بذر گیری از پیاز به صورت دستی انجام شد. برای زنیان صفاتی از قبیل ارتفاع بوته، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد بذر در هکتار، عملکرد بیولوژیک و شاخص برداشت و برای بابونه، صفاتی از قبیل ارتفاع گیاه، عملکرد گل خشک شده در هکتار، عملکرد بیولوژیک در هکتار و شاخص برداشت اندازه‌گیری شد.
یافته‌ها:
نتایج نشان داد بیشترین تعداد گل آذین در متر مربع (46/32)، بیشترین عملکرد دانه پیاز (462 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، بیشترین عملکرد بیولوژیکی (9973 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در کشت خالص بدون تور و بیشترین شاخص برداشت دانه (001/7) و سوخ پیاز (31/95) در کشت خالص پیاز دارای تور مشاهده شد. از طرفی، بیشترین تعداد کپسول بارور در گل آذین پیاز در کشت مخلوط سه ردیفه با زنیان و بابونه (57/151 و 36/154) و بیشترین وزن هزار دانه پیاز (82/4 گرم) در کشت مخلوط سه ردیفه پیاز با بابونه بدست آمد. بیشترین وزن هزار دانه زنیان (33/1 گرم) در کشت مخلوط سه ردیفه با پیاز و بیشترین عملکرد دانه (2001 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و بیشترین عملکرد بیولوژیک (2915 کیاوگرم در هکتار) در کشت خالص زنیان بدست آمد. در خصوص گیاه بابونه، بیشترین وزن خشک گیاه، وزن خشک گل و شاخص برداشت (به ترتیب 6/358، 164 و 84/45) در کشت خالص بابونه و سپس کشت مخلوط سه ردیفه با پیاز مشاهده شد. بیشترین نسبت برابری زمین در کشت مخلوط سه ردیفه با زنیان و سه ردیفه با بابونه (به ترتیب 16/1 و 15/1) مشاهده شد که نشان دهنده برتری این الگوهای کشت بود.
نتیجه گیری:
با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده می‌توان بیان کرد که کشت مخلوط سه ردیفی پیاز با بابونه و زنیان، با داشتن تراکم مناسبی از هر گیاه، امکان استفاده بهتر گیاهان از منابع محیطی را فراهم ساخته و با جذب بهتر حشرات، سبب بهبود گرده افشانی پیاز و افزایش عملکرد هر سه گونه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Onion (Allium cepa L.) seed yield improvement by intercropping with ajwain (Carum copticum Heirn) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam 1
  • Ghorbanali Asadi 2
  • Bahareh Bicharanlou 3
1 Professor, Department of AgoTechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of AgoTechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
3 Ph.D. student, Department of AgoTechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives:
The cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants has a special status in Iranian traditional agricultural system due to the different weather conditions and the history of the use of medicinal herbs. These systems play an important role in creating diversity and stability. In this regard, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of ajwain and chamomile as two insect attractive plants on improvement the yield of onion seed production under intercropping systems. The experiment was conducted on a field located in 10 kilometers west of Shirvan, North Khorasan province, Iran.

Materials and methods
The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments in three replications. Treatments were including of sole sowing of ajwain, one row intercropping of onion and ajwain, two row intercropping of onion and ajwain, three row intercropping of onion and ajwain, sole sowing of chamomile, one row intercropping of onion and chamomile, two row intercropping of onion and chamomile, three row intercropping of onion and chamomile, sole sowing of onion by free pollination and sole sowing of onion under cage. The measured criteria for onions were plant height, number of umbrellas per square meter, number of fertilized capsules in umbrella, number of infertile capsules, number of seeds per capsule, number of flowering stems, 1000 seed weight, seed yield per hectare and harvest index. The onion seeds were harvested manually. Characteristics such as plant height, 1000 seed weight, seed yield per hectare, biological yield and harvest index were recorded for ajwain, and for chamomile, traits such as plant height, dry inflorescence yield per hectare, biological yield per hectare and harvest index were measured

Results
The results showed that the maximum number of inflorescence 32.46 per m2), seed yield of onion 462kg/ha) and biological yield 9973 kg/ha) were obtained in sole sowing of onion by free pollination and the maximum harvest index for seed 7.001) and bulb 95.31) were observed in sole sowing of onion by self-pollination. However, the maximum number of fertile capsules in onion inflorescence was obtained in three row intercropping of onion with ajwain and chamomile 151.57 and 154.36, respectively) and thousand seed weight of onion 4.82 g) was observed in three row intercropping of onion and chamomile. The highest thousand seed weight of ajwain 1.33 g) was obtained from three row intercropping by onion while the highest seed yield 2001 kg/ha) and biological yield 2915 kg/ha) were obtained in sole sowing of ajwain. We observed the highest chamomile dry weight of plant, dry flower and harvest index 358.6, 164 and 45.84, respectively) in sole sowing and then in three row intercropping by onion. The maximum amount of LER was obtained in three row intercropping of onion by ajwain and chamomile 1.16 and 1.15, respectively) that it shows this pattern of intercropping superiority to sole sowing.

Conclusion
According to the results, it can be concluded that the combination of three rows of onions with chamomile and ajwain, having the proper density of each plant, provides better use of plants from environmental resources and improves the attraction of insects, improves pollination of onions flower and increase the yield of all three plants.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biodiversity
  • insects
  • medicinal plants
  • pollination

مراجع

1.Aminpour, R. and Mortzavi, A. 2004. Effect of planting date and intra-row spacing on seed yield and germination of onion Allium cepa L.cv. Texas Early Grano 502). Pajouhesh Sazandegi. 62: 64-69.(In Persian)
2.Bagheri, A. and Koocheki, A. 1995. Effect of honey bee activity and plant density on seed production of sainfoin Onobrochis viciifolia Scop.) in Mashhad. Agri. Sci. Tech. J. 9: 1. 80-89 (In Persian)
3.Beheshti, S., Soltanian, B. and Sadrabadi, R. 2010. Effect of density and different planting ratios on grain and biomass yield of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in intercropping system.Iran. J. Field Crops Res. 8: 1. 167-176. (In Persian)
4.Bolandnazar, S., Pazani, Z. and Mohammadi, J. 2011. The study of cucumber and onion intercropping.Kno. Agri. Sustain. Prod. 21: 3. 135-145.(In Persian)
5.Bromand Rezazadeh, Z., Rezvani Moghaddam, P. and Rashed Mohassel, M.H. 2010. Effect of planting date and density on morphological characteristics and the oil percentage of agwain (Trachyspermum ammi Linn). Iran. J. Crop Sci. 40: 4. 161-172. (In Persian)
6.Dadkhah, A., Kafi, M. and Rasam, Gh. 2009. The effect of planting date and plant density on growth traits, yield quality and quantity of Matricaria (Matricaria chamomilla). J. Hort. Sci.23: 2. 100-108. (In Persian)
7.Devi, S., Gulati, R., Tehri, K. and Poonia, A. 2015. Effect of different modes of pollination on yield parameters of Allium cepa L. J. Ent. Res. 39: 2. 111-117.
8.Ebadi, R. 1997. Effect of pollinator insects and date of planting on quantity and quality of the yield of six oilseed sunflower cultivars in Isfahan region. J. Crop Prod. Proc. 1: 1. 43-57. (In Persian)
9.Goldewijk, K.K. and Ramankutty, N. 2004. Land cover change over the last three centuries due to human activities: the availability of new global data sets. Geo. J. 61. 335-344.
10.Haan, J.L. and Vasseur, L. 2014. Above and below ground interactions in monoculture and intercropping of onion and lettuce in greenhouse conditions. Ame. J. Plant Sci. 5: 3319-3327.
11.Inal, A., Gunes, A., Zhang, F. and Cakmak, I., 2007. Peanut/maize intercropping induced changes in rhizosphere and nutrient concentrations in shoots. Plant Physiol. Bioch. 45: 350-356.
 12.Jadhav, L.D. and Ajri, D.S. 1981. Insect pollinators of onion (Allium cepa L.) in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra, India. Ind. Bee. J. 43: 109-115.
13.Kalim Uddin, Md., Kamal, M.M., Akand, M.M., Hasan, M.M. and Chowdhury, M.N.A. 2015. Effect of different pollinator attractant crops for seed setting and maximizing seed yield of onion. Intern. J. Appl. Sci. Biotech.3: 4. 737-743.
14.Khorramdel, S., Mahmoudi, Gh., Abdollahi, F. and Hasanzadeh, H.R. 2015. Evaluation of growth indices and weed diversity in replacement and additive intercropping series of ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Res. Crop Eco. 1: 3. 59-70. (In Persian)
15.Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati M., Khorramdel, S., Anvarkhah, S., Sabet Teimouri, M. and Sanjani, S. 2010a. Evaluation of growth indices of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in intercropping with replacement and additive series. Agroecol. 2: 1. 27-36. (In Persian)
16.Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati M., Feizi, H., Amirmoradi, S. and Mondani, F. 2010b. Effect of strip intercropping of maize Zea mays L.) and bean Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on yield and land equivalent ratio in weedy and weed free conditions. Agroecol. 2: 2. 225-235. (In Persian)
17.Lithourgidis, A.S., Vlachostergios, D.N., Dordas, C.A. and Damalas, C.A. 2011. Dry matter yield, nitrogen content, and competition in pea-cereal intercropping systems. Eur. J. Agron. 34: 287-294.
18.Mahdavi Moravej, T., Ghanbari, A. and Asgharipour, M.R. 2008. Effect of manure and chemical fertilizers on yield and weed control in intercropping of ajwain and barley. J. Crop Prod. Res.6: 1. 19-30. (In Persian)
19.Majnoon Hosseini, N. and Davazdah Emami, S. 2008. Farming and production of some herbs and spices. TehranUniv. Press, 300p (In Persian)
20.Mirshekari, B. and Mobasher, M. 2010. Effect of planting date, plant density and corm size on onion seed yield variety of Red Azarshahr in Tabriz. Agri. Sci. J. 12: 2. 397-404. (In Persian)
21.Mir Hashemi, S.M., Koocheki, A., Parsa, M. and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2010. Investigating the advantage of intercropping of ajwain and fenugreek in different levels of manure and planting patterns. Iran. J. Field Crop. Res.7: 1. 259-269. (In Persian)
22.Mousapour, H., Ghanbari, A., Syrous Mehr, A.R. and Asgharipour, M.R. 2015. Effect of sowing time on seed yield, advantage and competitive indices in ajwain (Carum copticum L.) and isabgol (Plantago ovate Forsk.) intercropping. Iran. J. Crop. Sci.
17: 2. 139-152. (In Persian)
23.Munawar, M.S., Raja, S., Niaz, S.and Sarwar, G. 2011. Comparative performance of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and blow flies (Phormia terronovae) in onion (Allium cepa L.) seed setting. J. Agri. Res. 49: 1. 49-56.
24.Naderi Darbaghshahi, M., Banitaba, A. and Bahari, B. 2012. Evaluating the possibility of saffron and chamomile mixed culture. Afric. J. Agri. Res.7: 20. 3060-3065.
25.Naderi Darbaghshahi, M., Pazoki, A., Banitaba, A., and Jalali Zand, A.R. 2010. Study of agronomical and economical aspects of saffron and chamomile intercropping in Isfahan region. New Agri. Findings. 3: 4. 414-423. (In Persian)
26.Naderi Darbaghshahi, M., Jalali Zand, A.R., Banitaba, A., Zeinali, H. and Bahari, B. 2011. Evaluation of possibility of saffron and chamomile intercropping in Isfahan region. Fifth National Conference on New Ideas in Agriculture, Islamic AzadUniversity, Khorasgan Branch, Iran. February16-17, 2011. Pp: 1-5. (In Persian)
27.Nicholls, C.I. and Altieri, M.A.2012. Plant biodiversity enhances bees and other insect pollinators in agroecosystems. A review. Agron. Sustain. Devel. DOI 10.1007/s13593-012-0092-y.
28.Pirzad, A., Fayyaz Moghaddam, A., Razban, M. and Raei, Y. 2012. The evaluation of dried flower and essential oil yield and harvest index of Matricaria chamomilla L. under varying irrigation regimes and amounts of super absorbent polymer (A200). Agric. Sci. Sustain. Pro. 22: 3. 85-99. (In Persian)
29.Pordel, M.R., Hatami, B., Mobli, M. and Ebadi, R. 2007. Identification of canola pollinators in three different autumn cultivars and their effect on grain yield in Isfahan. J. Sci. Tech. Agric. Nat. Res. 10: 4b. 413-425. (In Persian)  
30.Pordel, M.R., Ebadi, R., Mobli, M. and Hatami, B. 2008. Effect of pollination on the seed quality and quantity of three three different autumn cultivarsof canola (Brassica napus L.) in Isfahan. J. Sci. Tech. Agric. Nat. Res.11: 4b. 267-275. (In Persian)  
31.Rasekh Adel, M., Sadeghi Namaghi, H. and Hosseini, M. 2013. Effects of insect pollinators on onion seed production quality and quantity. J. Crop Prot.2: 4. 395-402.
32.Rezaee Chiane, E., Dabagh Mohammadinasab, A., Shakiba, M.R., Ghasemi Golazani, K. and Aharizade, S. 2010. Evaluation of light interception and canopy characteristics in mono-cropping and intercropping of maize (Zea mays L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Agroec. 2: 3. 437-447. (In Persian)
33.Rezaee Chiane, E., Tajbakhsh, M.and Fotohi Chiyaneh, S. 2015. Yieldand yield components of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in strip intercropping with Ajowan (Carum copticum L.) influenced by bio and chemical fertilizer. J. Agric. Sci. Sustain. Prod. 24: 4. 1-15. (In Persian)
34.Sandhu, H.S., Wratten, S.D. andCullen, R. 2010. Organic agricultureand ecosystem services. Environ. Sci. Policy. 13: 1-7.
35.Sajjad, A., Saeed, S. and Massod, A. 2008. Pollinator community of onion (Allium cepa L.) and its role in
crop reproductive success. Pak. J. Zoo. 40: 6. 451-456.
36.Seyyed Ebrahimi, S., Mobli, M., Ebadi, R. and Rezayee, A. 2005. Effect of pollination on seed quality and quantity of ten variety of onion from Isfahan. Iran. J. Hort. Sci. Tech. 5: 1. 33-46.(In Persian)
37.Wilkaniec, Z., Giejdasz, K. and Prószyñski, G. 2004. Effect of pollination of onion seeds under isolation by the red mason bee (Osmia rufa L.) Apoidea, Megachilidae) on the setting and quality of obtained seeds.J. Agric. Sci. 48: 2. 35-41.
38.Zvedenok, A.P. 1996. The onion seed crop can be improved. Kartofel Ivoschchi. 4: 29-31.
پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 26، شماره 4
اسفند 1398
صفحه 41-60

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار