اثر زمان برداشت، نیتروژن و تراکم کاشت بر عملکرد و برخی صفات فیزیولوژیکی گیاه دارویی پونه معطر (.Mentha pulegium L)

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان

2 استادیار گروه علوم باغبانی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان

3 دانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان

4 استادیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: پونه معطر از جمله گیاهان خانواده نعناعیان است که هم بصورت سبزی و هم به عنوان گیاه دارویی مصارف متعددی دارد. این گیاه به حالت وحشی در دشت‌های مرطوب و حاشیه جریان‌های آب، حتی داخل آب رشد کرده و غالباً در نواحی مرکزی، جنوبی و غربی آسیا، شمال آفریقا، اتیوپی و جزایر قناری می‌روید. پراکنش این گیاه در ایران در دامنه‌‌های البرز، شمال و شمال شرقی کشور گزارش شده است. بخش‌های هوایی این گیاه به عنوان مواد دارویی و طعم‌دهنده در صنایع غذایی استفاده می‌شود. هدف از این پژوهش حاضر دستیابی به بهترین تیمار کود نیتروژنه، زمان برداشت و تراکم کشت برای گیاه پونه در منطقه رشت بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. کرت اصلی زمان برداشت (در دو زمان برداشت)، کرت فرعی شامل نیتروژن در چهار سطح (شاهد (بدون کود)، 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار) و کرت فرعی فرعی شامل تراکم بوته در سه سطح (10، 14 و 18 بوته در مترمربع) بودند که بر روی صفات عملکردی و برخی صفات فیزیولوژیکی بررسی شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که اثرات متقابل نیتروژن، تراکم کاشت و زمان برداشت بر عملکرد خشک اندام هوایی معنی‌داری بود. بیشترین وزن خشک (1909 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار به همراه تراکم 18 بوته در مترمربع در برداشت اول حاصل شد، و کمترین مقدار (66/396 کیلوگرم درهکتار) هم در تیمار کودی 50 کیلوگرم با تراکم 10 بوته در مترمربع در دومین برداشت بدست آمد. اما درمورد عملکرد تر و سطح برگ نیز اثر متقابل نیتروژن در تراکم کاشت معنی‌دار بود و بیشترین مقدار عملکرد تر(8071 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به تیمار 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن با تراکم 18 بوته در مترمربع بود. در خصوص صفات فیزیولوژیک نتایج نشان داد که تیمارهای اعمال شده دارای اثرات معنی‌داری بر میزان درصد اسانس، کلروفیل کل، فنل کل و عناصر نیتروژن و کلسیم داشتند. در این زمینه، بیشترین درصد اسانس (66/2 درصد) مربوط به تیمار نیتروژن 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار با تراکم کاشت 10 بوته در مترمربع بود. همچنین عملکرد اسانس تحت تأثیر اثر متقابل زمان برداشت در تراکم کاشت قرار داشت که بیشترین مقدار هم مربوط به تیمار تراکم 18 بوته در مترمربع در زمان برداشت اول با مقدار 075/25665 میلی‌لیتر در هکتار بود.
نتیجه گیری: از آنجا که در این پژوهش بهترین تیمار زمان برداشت اول و نیتروژن 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار و تراکم 18 بوته در مترمربع بود کاربرد چنین برنامه‌ای برای کاشت گیاه پونه معطر قابل پیشنهاد است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of harvest time, nitrogen and plant density on yield and some physiological traits of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Babolah Faraji 1
  • Amir Sahraroo 2
  • Yousef Hamidoghli 3
  • Jamal-Ali Olfati 4
1 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan
2 Assistant Professor Professor of Horticultural Science Department, University of Guilan
3 Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.), Labiatae family, is widely used as a vegetable and medicinal herb. This plant commonly grows in the wet soils such as ditches, riversides and ponds. It is indigenous to the Central, Southern and Western Asia, North Africa, Ethiopia and the Canary Islands. It can also be found in Alborz, North and Northeast regions of Iran. The aerial parts of the plant are used as pharmaceutical and flavoring substances. The aim of this research was to find the best level of nitrogen fertilizer regime, harvesting time and plant density for pennyroyal plant in Rasht area.
Materials and methods: This study was conducted as a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan. The main plots included two harvesting times, the subplots were four levels of Nitrogen fertilizer including control (without fertilizer), 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 Nitrogen and the sub-subplots were plant density at 3 levels; 10, 14 and 18 plants m-2.
Results: The results showed that triple interaction of nitrogen, plant density and harvest time had significant effect on dry weight. The highest dry weight (1909 kg ha-1) were obtained by 150 kg ha-1 net nitrogen with the density of 18 plants per m2 for the first harvest. Moreover, 50 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer treatment with 10 plants per m2 showed lowest amount of dry weight (396.66 kg ha-1) in the second harvest time. However, the interaction of nitrogen and planting density revealed significant effect on fresh yield and leaf area. The highest yield (8071 kg ha-1) was related to 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen treatment with the density of 18 plants m-2. About physiological traits, the results claimed that treatments significantly affected the essential oil percentage, total chlorophyll, total phenol, nitrogen and calcium elements. The highest essential oil content (2.66%) was exhibited by the treatment of 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen with plant density of 10 plants m-2. In addition, the essential oil yield was also influenced by the interaction effect of harvest time and planting density. The highest yield (25665/075 milliliters ha-1) was found by the plant density of 18 plants m-2 from the first harvesting time.
Conclusion: Finally, according to our results, the best treatment was first harvesting time, 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen with the density of 18 plants m-2, which can be recommended for the planting program of aromatic pennyroyal.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biomass
  • essential oil yield
  • total phenol
1.Abdelli, M., Moghrani, H., Aboun, A. and Maachi, R. 2016. Algerian Mentha pulegium L. leaves essential oil: Chemical composition, antimicrobial, insecticidal and antioxidant activities. Ind. Crop P. 94: 197-205.
2.Abedi, M.H., Seghatoleslami, M.J. and Mousavi, S.G.R. 2014. Effects of irrigation intervals and nitrogen fertilizer levels on vegetative and reproductive yields of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under Birjand conditions. Agroecol.5: 4. 342-349.
3.Aflatuni, A. 2005. The yield and essential oil connect of mint (Mentha spp) in Northern Ostrobothnia. Faculty Sci. Dep. Biology, Uni. Oulu. 52p.
4.Akbarpour, V., Ashnavar, M.and Bahmanyar, M.A. 2016. Effectof manure and chemical fertilizeron physiological and phytochemical properties of coneflower. Agric. Crop Manage. 18: 3. 701-711.
5.Alsuhaibani, A.M., ALkehayez, N.M., Alshawi, A.H. and Al-Faris, N.A.2017. Effects of chlorophyll on body functioning and blood glucose levels. Asian J. Clin. Nut. 9: 64-70.
6.Amari, G., Alizadeh, A., Alizadeh, O. and Zare, M. 2008. Effects of harvesting time on essential oil composition of Thymus daenensis Celak. J. Invest. Appl. Med. Plants. 1: 3. 47-56.
7.Ashraf, M., Qasim, A. and Zafar, I. 2006. Effect of nitrogen application rate on the content and composition of oil, essential oil and minerals in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds. J. Sci. Food Agric.86: 871-876.
8.Bouyahya, A., Et-Touys, A., Bakri, Y., Talbaui, A., Fellah, H., Abrini, J. and Dakka, N. 2017. Chemical composition of Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils and their antileishmanial, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Micro Pathogen. 111: 41-49.

9.Dadkhah, A., Kafi, M. and Rasam, G. 2009. The effect of planting date and plant density on growth traits, yield quality and quantity of Matricaria (Matricaria chamomilla). J. Hort. Sci.23: 2. 100-107.

10.Delfin, S., Tognetti, R., Dsiderio, E. and Alvino, A. 2005. Effect of foliar application of N and humic acids on growth and yield of durum wheat. Agro. Sustainable Devel. 25: 183-191.
11.Dordas, C.A. and Sioulas, C. 2007. Safflower yield, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and water use efficiency response to nitrogen fertilization under rain fed conditions. In. Crop P. 27: 75-85.
12.Draycott, A.T. and Webb, D.J. 1973. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer, plant population and irrigation on sugarbeet. J. Agri. Sci. 76: 52-54.
13.Heidari, M. and Jahantighi, H.2013. Evaluate effect of water stressand different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on seed quality of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). Iran. J. Field Crop. Res. 11: 4. 640-647.
14.Hokmalipour, S. 2017. Evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and some agronomic and physiological traits of medicinal plant of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). J. Plant Eco. 9: 28. 133-144.
15.Izadi, Z., Ahmadvand, G., Asna Ashri, M. and Piri, J. 2010. Effect of nitrogen and plant density on some growth characteristic, yield and essence in peppermint. Iran. J. Field. Crops Res. Pp: 824-836. (In Persian with English Abstract)
16.Jabarpour, S., Zehtab-Salmasi, S., Alyari, H., Javanshir, A. and Shakiba, M.R. 2013. Effects of sowing time
and plant density on yield and essential oil production of medicinal plant, peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Agroecol. 5: 4. 416-423.
17.Jacobo-Velázquez, D.A. and Cisneros-Zevallos, L. 2017. Recent advances in plant phenolics. Molecules. 22: 1249.
18.Jafari, S. and Sharei, F. 2015. The survey of female gametophyte development and effect of Sodium Chloride stress on ontogeny of flower's components in Mentha Pulegium L. J. Plant Res.(Iran. J. Biol.). 28: 2. 276-284.
 19.Jones, J. and Benton, J. 2012. Plant nutrition and soil fertility manual, 2nd Edition, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL. 304p.
20.Jones, J. 2001. Laboratory guide for conducting soil tests and plant analysis. CRC Press, Boca Raton. USA. 384p.
21.Lichtenthaler, H.K. and Buschmann, C. 2001. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Measurement and characterization by UV-VIS spectroscopy. Curr. Protocol. Food Anal. Chem. F4.3.1-F4.3.8.
22.Lu, N., Bernardo, E.L., Tippayadarapanich, C., Takagaki, M., Kagawa, N. and Yamori, W. 2017. Growth and accumulation of secondary metabolites in perilla as affected by photosynthetic photon flux density and electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution. Plant Sci. 8: 708.
23.Madadi Bonab, S., Zehtab Salmasi, S. and Ghassemi Golezani, K. 2012. The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on morphological characteristics and essential oil percentage and yield of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). J. Agric. Sci. Sust. Prod. 22: 2. 91-100.
24.Maffei, J. and Mucciarelli, M. 2003. Essential oil yield in peipper mint-soybean strip-cropping. Field Crop. Res. 84: 229-240.
25.Marschner, P. 2012. Mineral nutritionof higher plants. Academic Press, Waltham, MA, USA.
26.Muller, V., Lankes, C., Zimmermann, B.F., Noga, G. and Hunsche, M. 2013. Centelloside accumulation in leaves of  centella asiatica is determined by resource partitioning between primary and secondary metabolism while influenced by supply levels of either nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium. J. Plant Physio. 170: 13. 1165-1175.
27.Munene, R., Changamu, E., Korir, N. and Joseph, G.O. 2017. Effects of different nitrogen forms on growth, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in amaranth species. Trop. Plant Res. 4: 1. 81-89.
28.Omidbaigi, R., Fattahi, F., Fattahi, F. and Karimzadeh, G.h. 2010. Harvest time affect on the herb yield and essential oil content of lemon thyme (Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb). Iran. J. Med. Aromt. Plants. 26: 3. 317-325.
29.Ouakouak, H., Chohra, M. and Denane, M. 2015. Chemical composition, antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Mentha pulegium L. South East of Algeria. In. L. Natur. Sci. 39: 49-55.
30.Poshtdar, A., Abdali Mashhadie, A.R., Moradi, F., Siadat, S.A. and Bakhshandeh, A. 2016. Effect of source and rate of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Iran. J. Crop Sci. 18: 1. 13-31.
31.Pouryousef, M., Mazaheri, D., Chaiechi, M.R., Rahimi, A. and Tavakoli, A. 2010. Effect of different soil fertilizing treatments on some of agro morphological traits and mucilage of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk). Sci. J. Crop P. 3: 193-213.
32.Ren, B., Liu, W., Zhang, J., Dong, S., Liu, P. and Zhao, B. 2017. Effects of plant density on the photosynthetic and chloroplast characteristics of maize under high-yielding conditions. Natur Wiss. 104: 3-4. 12.
33.Saeb, K. and Gholamrezaee, S. 2012. Variation of essential oil composition of Melissa officinalis L: leaves during different stages of plant growth. Asian Pac J. Trop Biomed. 2: 2. 547-549.
34.Saidi Goraghani, H., Yazdani Biouki, R., Saidi Goraghani, N. and Sodaeezadeh, H. 2014. Effect of different nitrogen sources and levels on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) in Jiroft Region. Iran. J. Field Crop. Res. 12: 2. 316-327.
35.Sifola, M.I. and Barbieri, G. 2006. yield and essential oil content of three cultivars of basil grown under different levels of nitrogen in the field. Sci. Hort. 108: 408-413.
36.Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R. and Lamuela-Raventos, R.S. 1999. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by meansof Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Method. Enzymol. A. 299: 152-178.
 37.Soni, U., Brar, S. and Gauttam, V.K. 2015. Effect of seasonal variationon secondary metabolites of medicinal plants. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res.6: 9. 3654-3652.
38.Tabrizi, L., Zavvari, A. and Yazdani, D. 2017. Response of growth and yield of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) to planting space and harvesting time. Iran. J. Hort. Sci. 48: 2. 317-327.
39.Tazeh, K., Piri, E. and Mostafavirad, M. 2016. Effects of plant density on flower and essential oil yield and some important agronomic indices in Borage (Borago officinalis L.). J. Plant Prod. Res. 22: 4. 87-100.
40.Zantar, S., E.l. Garrouj, D., Pagán,R., Chabi, M., Laglaoui, A., Bakkali,M. and Zerrouk, M.H. 2015. Effectof harvest time on yield, chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Thymus vulgaris and Mentha pulegium essential oils. Europ. J. Med. Plants. 8: 2. 69-77.
41.Zeinali, H., Hosseini, H. andShirzadi, M.H. 2014. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and harvest time on agronomy, essential oil and menthol of Mentha piperita L. Iran. J. Med. Aromat. Plants. 30: 3. 486-495.
42.Zhao, J. 2006. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on spearmint. J. E. Res.18: 452-455.
43.Zlatić, N.M. and Stanković, M.S. 2017. Variability of secondary metabolites of the species Cichorium intybus L. from different habitats. Plants. 6: 38.