اثر ورمی‌کمپوست و برخی عناصر پرمصرف بر رشد، جذب عناصر غذایی و کمیت و کیفیت اسانس مرزه (Satureja hortensis L)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گیاهان دارویی، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، واحد سنندج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سنندج، ایران،

2 مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان سمنان (شاهرود)، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کودهای آلی یکی از الزامات توسعه کشاورزی پایدار در راستای کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی و خطرات زیست محیطی ناشی از آن‌ها می‌باشند. در این راستا، ورمی‌کمپوست نقش مهمی در بهبود رشد و کیفیت محصولات کشاورزی و تولید محصولات ارگانیک دارد. مطالعات متعددی به بررسی تأثیر ورمی‌کمپوست بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی گیاهان دارویی پرداخته‌اند. اما مطالعه جامعی در ارتباط با تأثیر ورمی‌کمپوست یا تغذیه تلفیقی بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی مرزه وجود ندارد. بنابراین، این مطالعه به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر ورمی‌کمپوست و تغذیه تلفیقی بر رشد، جذب عناصر غذایی و کمیت و کیفیت اسانس مرزه انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش به‌صورت طرح بلوک‌های کاملاً تصادفی با 12 تیمار و سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل شاهد (بدون تیمار)، کود شیمیایی حاوی نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم (NPK) (با نسبت 80:50:50 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، سطوح مختلف ورمی کمپوست (2، 4، 6، 8 و 10 تن در هکتار) و تیمارهای ترکیبی (نصف هر یک از سطوح ورمی‌کمپوست به همراه نصف NPK) بودند. صفات مورد مطالعه نیز عبارت بودند از: ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه فرعی در بوته، وزن خشک اندام هوایی، درصد و عملکرد اسانس، ترکیبات موجود در اسانس، میزان کلروفیل a و b و کلروفیل کل و میزان جذب عناصر نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SAS آنالیز شدند. مقایسه میانگین‌ها با استفاده از آزمون LSD در سطح احتمال 05/ 0 انجام شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که تمامی صفات مورد بررسی به غیر از کلروقیل b و درصد اسانس، به‌طور معنی‌داری تحت تأثیر تیمارها قرار گرفتند. تیمار NPK به‌طور چشمگیری تعداد شاخه فرعی در بوته، وزن خشک اندام هوایی، جذب نیتروژن و فسفر و میزان کلروفیل a و کل را نسبت به شاهد افزایش داد. ورمی‌کمپوست به تنهایی و یا در ترکیب با کود NPK (نصف ورمی‌کمپوست به همراه نصف NPK) بسته به دز مصرفی تأثیر قابل ملاحظه‌ای در افزایش تمامی صفات (به غیر از کلروفیل b و درصد اسانس) داشت. بیشترین میزان جذب فسفر در اثر کاربرد 10 تن در هکتار ورمی‌کمپوست بدست آمد؛ در حالیکه بیشترین مقدار سایر صفات توسط تیمار ترکیبی 5 تن در هکتار ورمی‌کمپوست+ نصف NPK بدست آمد. کمترین مقدار صفات مورد ارزیابی نیز مربوط به تیمار شاهد بود. نتایج همچنین نشان داد که کمترین درصد گاماترپینن، میرسن و پی سیمن در تیمار شاهد مشاهده شد؛ در حالیکه میزان کارواکرول به‌طور معنی‌داری در تیمار شاهد نسبت به تیمارهای کودی (به غیر از 2 و 4 تن در هکتار ورمی کمپوست) افزایش یافت.
نتیجه گیری: یافته‌های این تحقیق نشان داد که کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست به تنهایی (6 تن در هکتار یا بیشتر) و یا در ترکیب با کودهای شیمیایی (به‌ویژه 5 تن در هکتار ورمی‌کمپوست + نصف NPK) از پتانسیل خوبی در بهبود وزن خشک و عملکرد اسانس مرزه برخوردار می‌باشد. از اینرو، نتیجه گیری می‌شود که با مصرف کود ورمی‌کمپوست در زراعت مرزه می‌توان کودهای شیمیایی NPK را حذف نموده و یا مصرف آن‌ها را کاهش داد. همچنین می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که گیاهان تیمار نشده برای دستیابی به بیشترین میزان کارواکرول مناسب هستند؛ درحالیکه، کاربرد ورمی کمپوست به تنهایی و یا در ترکیب با کود شیمیایی در راستای دستیابی به ترکیبات هیدروکربنه از قبیل گاماترپینن، میرسن و پی سیمن ارجحیت دارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of vermicompost and some of macro nutrients on plant growth, nutrient uptake and quantity and quality of Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) essential oil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abdolrahman Rahimi 1
  • Esmaeil babakhanzadeh sajirani 2
1 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
2 Semnan (Shahrood) Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Organic fertilizers are one of the requirements for sustainable agricultural development in order to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and their environmental hazards. In this regard, vermicompost has an important role in improving the growth and quality of agricultural products and organic production. Numerous studies have been investigated the positive effect of vermicompost on enhancing the quantitative and qualitative yield of medicinal plants. But there is no comprehensive study concerning the impact of vermicompost or combined nutrition on quantity and quality of Savory yield. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the influence of vermicompost and integrated nutrition on growth, nutrient uptake and quantity and quality of Savory essential oil.
Materials and methods: This experiment carried out using a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and three replications. The treatments were included: control (without treatment), chemical fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) (80:50:50 kg/ha), different levels of vermicompost (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ton/ha) and combined treatments (50 % of each level of vermicompost + 50 % NPK). Evaluated traits were included: plant height, number of lateral branches per plant, aboveground dry weight, percentage and yield of essential oil, essential oil components, chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll and the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Data were analyzed using SAS software and means were compared using the LSD test (p ≤ 0.05).
Results: The results showed that all of the studied traits except the chlorophyll b and essential oil percentage were significantly affected by treatments. NPK treatment dramatically increased the number of branches per plant, aboveground dry weight, nitrogen and potassium uptake and chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll compared with control. Vermicompost alone or in combination with NPK fertilizer (50 % vermicompost with half dos of NPK) had a significant effect on increasing of all traits (except chlorophyll b and essential oil percentage) depending on the dose applied. Maximum phosphorus uptake was obtained by application of 10 ton/ha vermicompost; While in other traits the highest value was obtained by the 5 ton/ha vermicompost + 50 % NPK. The lowest value of the all evaluated traits was related to control treatment. The results also showed that the lowest percentage of γ-terpinene, p-cymene and myrcene were observed in control plants; whereas, the percentage of carvacrol were significantly increased in control when compared with fertilizer treatments (except 2 and 4 ton / ha vermicompost).
Conclusion: The findings of this study suggested that the application of vermicompost alone (6 ton/ha or more) or in combination with chemical fertilizer (especially at 5 ton/ha vermicompost + 50% NPK) has a good potential in improving dry matter and essential oil yield of S. hortensis. Hence, it is concluded that NPK fertilizers can be eliminated or reduced by using vermicompost in savory agriculture. It can also be concluded that the untreated plants is the most suitable for obtaining the highest percentage of carvacrol; whereas, application of vermicompost alone or in combination with chemical fertilizer is preferable for attaining hydrocarbon monoterpenes such as γ-terpinene, p-cymene and myrcene.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Essential oil
  • Growth
  • Organic nutrition
  • Satureja hortensis
  • Vermicompost

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پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 27، شماره 4
اسفند 1399
صفحه 133-149

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