تغییرات کیفیت بذر و جوانه‌زنی برخی اکوتیپ های سیاهدانه (Nigella sativa L.) در دوره نمو و رسیدگی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری زراعت گروه علوم زراعی و اصلاح نباتات، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، پاکدشت، ایران

2 استاد گروه علوم زراعی و اصلاح نباتات، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، پاکدشت، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه علوم زراعی و اصلاح نباتات، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، پاکدشت، ایران

4 استادیار گروه علوم زراعی و اصلاح نباتات، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، پاکدشت، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: مطالعات اندکی در زمینه‌ی نمو بذر در گیاهان دارویی صورت گرفته است، ولی روی سیاهدانه تاکنون هیچ گزارشی در زمینه نمو بذر وجود ندارد. بنابراین، هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی صفات کیفی بذر شامل زمان تا رسیدگی وزنی و رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک، تغییرات جوانه‌زنی و خفتگی بذر در 14 اکوتیپ مختلف سیاهدانه بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی طی دو سال زراعی 1396-1397 و 1397-1398 در 3 تکرار و 7 زمان برداشت در دانشکده‌ی کشاورزی ابوریحان اجرا گردید. تیمارهای مورد آزمایش شامل 14 اکوتیپ بومی سیاهدانه (از سرتاسر کشور)، دمای جوانه‌زنی و زمان پس از گلدهی در طول نمو بذر روی بوته مادری بود. صفات مورد بررسی شامل وزن بذر و درصد رطوبت آن و نیز درصد جوانه‌زنی بذر در طول نمو بود. جهت تست جوانه‌زنی، آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی انجام شد که تیمارها شامل دماهای مختلف و 14 اکوتیپ سیاهدانه با 3 تکرار انجام شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که میزان رطوبت در طول نمو روی بوته‏ی مادری روند کاهشی داشت که در اولین نمونه‏گیری بالاترین درصد رطوبت در اکوتیپ اراک مشاهده شد و تا زمان برداشت روند کاهشی داشت. در زمان رسیدگی کامل، میزان رطوبت بذر در تمام اکوتیپ‏ها کمتر از 18 درصد بود. اکوتیپ‌های زابل 1، بجستان، سرایان و اشکذر، برای رسیدن به وزن حداکثری بذر خود، به کمترین زمان پس از گلدهی نیاز دارند، در نتیجه برای مناطق با فصل رشد کوتاه این اکوتیپ‌ها پیشنهاد می‌شوند. اکوتیپ خاف با 3/2 میلی‌گرم وزن تک بذر بیشترین وزن و اکوتیپ همدان با 072/0 میلی‌گرم افزایش وزن در روز، بالاترین سرعت پر شدن بذر را دارا بودند. در اکوتیپ‌های تفرش، زابل 2، اقلید، سمیرم، اراک، همدان، رزن، گردمیران جوانه‌زنی در طول نمو از 20 روز پس از گلدهی آغاز و تا پایان رسیدگی کامل روند افزایشی را دارا بود. در اکوتیپ‌هایی نظیر اصفهان، اشکذر، زابل 1، سرایان، خواف، از 20 روز پس از گلدهی جوانه‏‌زنی آغاز و تا 30 روز پس از گلدهی روند افزایشی در درصد جوانه‌زنی وجود داشت، ولی بعد از این زمان درصد جوانه‌زنی کاهش یافت و تا زمان رسیدگی کامل به صفر رسید که در واقع خفتگی اولیه به بذرها القاء شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: بنابراین، چنانچه هدف کشت بذر در مزرعه بلافاصله پس از رسیدگی باشد، اکوتیپ‌های تفرش، زابل 2، اقلید، سمیرم، اراک، همدان، رزن، گردمیران مناسب هستند. در بررسی دما نیز مشاهده شد که بالاترین درصد جوانه‌زنی برای همه اکوتیپ‌ها در دمای 10 درجه سانتی‌گراد مشاهده شد و با افزایش دما جوانه‌زنی آنها کاهش یافت و در دمای 30 درجه سانتی‌گراد به صفر رسید. اکوتیپ‌های همدان، سمیرم، زابل1، تفرش، گردمیران دارای بیشترین درصد جوانه‌زنی در دمای 10 درجه سانتی‌گراد در بین اکوتیپ‌های مورد آزمایش بوده‌اند. بنابراین، خفتگی در سیاهدانه احتمالاً از نوع فیزیولوژیک سطحی نوع 1 است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Changes of seed quality and germination of some black cumin ecotypes (Nigella sativa L.) during development and maturity

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohadeseh Kiani 1
  • Iraj Alahdadi 2
  • Elias Soltani 3
  • Fatemeh Benakashani 4
1 Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Crop Sciences and Plant Breeding, Aburaihan College University of Tehran, Iran
2 Professor, Dept. of Crop Sciences and Plant Breeding, Aburaihan College, University of Tehran, Iran
3 Associate Prof., Dept. of Crop Sciences and Plant Breeding, Aburaihan College, University of Tehran, Iran
4 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Crop Sciences and Plant Breeding, Aburaihan College, University of Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: There are some reports on seed development in medicinal plants, but no information has been reported in seed development of Nigella sativa. The purpose of this study was to investigate seed quality traits including time to maturity and physiological maturity, germination and dormancy changes in 14 different ecotypes of black cumin.
Materials and methods: A randomized complete block design was conducted at the Aburaihan Campus of University of Tehran in 3 replications and 7 harvest times during two years of 2018 and 2019. Treatments were 14 native black cumin ecotypes (across Iran), germination temperature and post-flowering time during seed development on the mother plants. The studied traits included seed weight and moisture content and seed germination percentage during seed development. For germination test, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design in three replicates which treatments consisted of different incubation temperatures and 14 ecotypes of N. sativa.
Results: The results showed that the moisture content during development on the mother plants had a decreasing trend. In the first sampling, the highest percentage of moisture was observed in Arak ecotype and had a decreasing trend until harvest. At full maturity, seed moisture content in all ecotypes were less than 18%. Ecotypes of Zabol1, Bajestan, Sarayan, and Ashkedaz required the lowest time after flowering to reach their maximum seed weight, thus there was recommended for regions with short growing season. The Khaf ecotype with 2.3 mg seed weight had the highest weight and the Hamadan ecotype with 0.072 mg/day had the highest seed filling rate. In the ecotypes of Tafresh, Zabol2, Eghlid, Semirom, Arak, Hamadan, Razan, and Gerdmiran germination started 20 days after flowering and had an increasing trend until physiological maturity. In ecotypes such as Isfahan, Eshkezar, Zabol1, Sarayan, and Khaf germination started from 20 days after flowering and up to 30 days after flowering there was an increase in germination percentage, but after this time the percentage of germination decreased and reached zero until the full maturity, which in fact primary dormancy induced to the seeds.
Conclusion: Therefore, if the planting of seeds is done immediately after harvest, ecotypes of Tafresh, Zabol2, Eghlid, Semirom, Arak, Hamadan, Razan, Gerdmiran are suitable. Incubation temperature also showed that the highest germination percentage for all ecotypes was observed at 10 °C and decreased with increasing temperature and reached zero at 30 °C. Ecotypes of Hamadan, Semirom, Zabol1, Tafresh, and Gerdmiran had the highest germination percentage at 10 °C among the studied ecotypes. Therefore, dormancy in black cumin is probably Type 1 of nondeep physiological dormancy.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Black cumin
  • Dormancy
  • Germination
  • Seed development
  • The rate of seed filling
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