Study of effects of concentration and time of chemical thinning on improve the quality and quantity characteristics of nectarine "Shabrang"

Document Type : original paper

Authors

1 Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, Bu-Ali University, Hamedan, Iran.

2 Dept. Of Horticultural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IRAN.

3 Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran.

Abstract

Background and objectives: In most fruit trees, despite the fact that all the flowers are not converted to fruit, the amount of production is more than the tree's capacity, which reduces the quality of the crop and reduces the yield of the tree. While in many fruit trees, the conversion of 5 to 15 percent of the flowers into fruits leads to economic production. The size and quality of the fruit produced should be consistent with market conditions. The goal of horticultural Science is to achieve the desirable annual yield and produce throughout the life of the garden. This research was carried out to investigate the effect of a few mineral thinners and a biological regulator on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the nectarine "Shabrang" and its comparison with hand-thinning of flowers and fruits.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in a commercial garden in Semirom in 2012-2014 as a randomized complete block design with 15 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consisted of lime-sulfur (6, 8% and twice the application of 6%), ammonium thiosulfate (20, 25 ml per liter and twice the application of 20 ml per liter), urea (4, 8% and twice 4%) and Apogee (300, 450 mg / L and twice the use 300 mg / L) at flowering stage (spraying in single stage treatments in 70-80% of flowering and two-stage treatments first in 30-40% and then in 70-80% flowering), flower hand- thinning in the 70-80% flowering stage and then four weeks after the flowering stage were applied to selected trees.
Results: The results showed that all treatments had a significant effect on the traits of nectarine "Shabrang" at 1% level. The treatments reduced the fruit set, so that in the hand-thinning treatment of flowers, twice ATS 20 ml per liter and twice lime sulfur 6% reduced the fruit set by 50%. Flower hand-thinning were the best treatment in terms of size (11.33 cm3) and weight (151.34 gr) and the highest yield was related to control (90.42 kg per tree) and the least yield was related to fruit hand-thinning treatment (64.04 kg per tree). The yield efficiency in control treatment (3.32 )fruit/trunk cross-section area) was higher than other treatments and its least amount was for the twice lime sulfur 6% (1.99 fruit/trunk cross-section area) and twice apogee 300 mg / lit (2.01 fruit/trunk cross-section area). In terms of qualitative traits, the highest total soluble solids were recorded in flower (17.49%) and fruit (16.53%) hand-thinning respectively, after which the best results were obtained in the twice treatments of thinning compounds. The highest amount of total acid was recorded in lime sulfur 6% (4.88 mg / 100 ml juice) and flower hand-thinning (4.26 mg / 100 ml juice) had the highest index of ripening among all treatments. The highest of leaf area was in twice ATS 20 ml/L (70.42 cm2) and twice urea 4% (69.18 cm2) and the least of leaf area was recorded in control (55.81 cm2). Fruit color as one of the qualitative indices in flower hand-thinning (4.74) was higher than other treatments and the least amount of fruit color was related to lime sulfate 6% treatment (3/38).
Conclusion: Flower hand-thinning created a more regular thinning, larger and more colorful fruits and with higher sugar. The results also showed that the flower hand-thinning was better than the fruit hand-thinning. In general, two-step treatments of the compounds produced more suitable effects on the quantitative and qualitative traits of nectarine. However lime sulfur in 8% and twice using 6% caused some leaf burning.

Keywords

Main Subjects


1.Abdelli, M., Moghrani, H., Aboun, A. and Maachi, R. 2016. Algerian mentha pulegium l. Leaves essential oil: chemical composition, antimicrobial, insecticidal and antioxidant activities. Ind. Crops Prod. 94: 197-205.
2.Karimi, E., Oskoueian, E., Karimi, A., Noura, R. and Ebrahimi, M. 2018. Borago Officinalis L. flower: a comprehensive study on bioactive compounds and its health-promoting properties. J. Food Meas. Charact.12: 826-838.
3.Miceli, C., Moncada, A., Vetrano, F., Danna, F. and Miceli, A. 2019. Suitability of Borago officinalis for minimal processing as fresh-cut. Prod. Hort.5: 4. 66.
4.Lehmann, J., Rillig, M.C., Thies, J., Masiello, C.A., Hockaday, W.C. and Crowley, D. 2011. Biochar effects on soil biota: A review. Soil Bio. Biochem.43: 9. 1812-1836.
5.Seehausen, M.L., Gale, N.V., Derange, S., Hudson, V., Liu, N., Michener, J., Thurston, E., Williams, C., Smith, S.M. and Thomas, S.C. 2017. Is there a positive synergistic effect of biochar and compost soil amendments on plant growth and physiological performance? Agron. 7: 13. 1-15.
6.Hafeez, Y., Iqbal, S., Jabeen, K., Shahzad, S., Jahan, S. and Rasul, F .2017. Effect of biochar application on seed germination and seedling growth of Glycine max (l.) Merr. under drought stress. Pak. J. Bot. 49: 7-13.
7.Ghassemi, S., Ghassemi-Golezani, K. and Zehtab Salamis, S. 2019. Changes in antioxidant enzymes activities and physiological traits of ajowan in response to water stress and hormonal application. Sci. Hort. 246: 957-964.
8.Nazar, R., Umar, S., Khan, N.A.and Sareer, O. 2015. Salicylic acid supplementation improves photosynthesis and growth in mustard through changes in proline accumulation and ethylene formation under drought stress. S. Afr.J. Bot. 98: 84-94.
9.Batool, A., Taj, S., Rashid, A., Khalid, A., Qadeer, S., Saleem, A.R. and Ghufran, M.A. 2015. Potential of soil amendments biochar and gypsum in increasing water use efficiency of Abelmoschus Esculentus L. Moench. Front. Plant Sci. 6: 1-13.
10.Haider, G., Koyro, H.W., Azam, F., Steffens, D., Müller, C. and Kammann, C. 2015. Biochar but not humic acid product amendment affected maize yields via improving plant-soil moisture relations. Plant Soil. 395: 1-2. 141-157.
11.Sairam, R.K. and Srivastsva, G.C.2001. Water stress tolerance of wheat (triticum aestivium l.) vaiation in hydrogen peroxide assimilation and antioxidant activity in tolerant and susceptible genotype. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 186: 1. 63-700.
12.Kramer, P.S. 1983. Water Relations of Plants. Academic Press. New York. 1st edition. 489: 342-415.
13.Mita, R. 1997. Oxidative stress. Antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trend. Plant Sci.. 7: 9. 405-410.
14.Krizek, D.T., Britz, S.J. and Mirecki, R.M. 1998. Inhibitory effects of ambient levels of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation on growth of cv. new red fire lettuce. Physiol. Plant. 103: 1. 1-7.
15.Papakosta, D.K. and Gagianas, A.A. 1991. Nitrogen and dry matter accumulation, remobilization and losses for Mediterranean wheat during grain filling. Agron. J. 83: 5. 856-870.
16.Saneoka, H., Moghaieb, R.E.A., Premachandra, G.S. and Fujita, K. 2004. Nitrogen nutrition and water stress effects on cell membrane stabilityand leaf water relations in Agrostis Palustris Huds. Environ. Exp. Bot.52: 2. 131-138.
17.Qayyum, A., Razzaq, A., Bibi, Y., Khan, S., Abbasi, S.K., Sher, A., Mehmood, A., Ahmed, W., Mahmood, I., Manaf, A., Khan, A., Farid, A. and Jenks, M. 2018. Water stress effects on biochemical traits and antioxidant activities of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under in vitro conditions. Acta Agri Scand. 68: 4. 283-290.
18.Tarighaleslami, M., Kafi, M., Nezami, A. and Zarghami, R. 2017. Examining interactions of chilling and draught stresses on chlorophyll (SPAD), RWC, electrolyte leakage and seed performance in three hybrid varieties of maize. J. Crop Breed. 9: 23. 146-156. (In Persian)
19.Khan, N.A., Syeed, S., Masood, R., Nazar, A. and Iqbal, N. 2010. Application of salicylic acid increases contents of nutrients and anti-oxidative metabolism in mung bean and alleviates adverse effects of salinity stress. Int. J. Plant Sci. 1: 1. 1-8.
20.Nautiyal, P.C., Rachaputi, N.R. and Joshi, Y.C. 2002. Moisture-deficit-induced changes in leaf-water content, leaf carbon exchange rate and biomass production in groundnut cultivars differing in specific leaf area. Field Crops Res. 74: 1. 67-79.
21.Bayat, H., Mardani, H., Arouie, H. and Salahvarzi, Y. 2011. Effects of salicylic acid on morphological and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedling (Cucumis Sativus Cv. Super Dominus) under drought stress. J. Plant Prod. 18: 3. 63-76. (In Persian)
22.Baronti, S., Vaccari, F.P., Miglietta, F., Calzolari, C., Lugato, E., Orlandini, S., Pini, R., Zulian, C. and Genesio, L. 2014. Impact of biochar application on plant water relations in (Vitis vinifera L.). Eur J. Agron. 53: 38-44.
23.Salim Akhtar, S., Guitong, L., Neumann Andersend, M. and Liu, F. 2018. Biochar enhances yield and quality of tomato under reduced irrigation. Agri Water Manag. 138: 37-44.
24.Fischer, B., Manzoni, B., Morillas, L., Garcia, M., Johnson, M.S. and Lyon, S.W. 2019. Improving agricultural water use efficiency with biochar – a synthesis of biochar effects on water storage and fluxes across scales. Sci. Total Environ. 657: 853-862.
25.Azizian Shermeh, O., Taherizadeh, M., Valizadeh, M. and Qasemi, A. 2018. Robial and antioxidant activities and determining phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts of five species from different families of the medicinal plants grown in Sistan and Baluchistan province. J. Med Sci. 7: 465‐479.(In Persian)
26.Ali, M.B., Hahn, E.J. and Paek, K.Y. 2007. Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid induced oxidative stress and accumulation of phenolics in Panax ginseng bioreactor root suspension cultures. Molecules. 12: 3. 607-621.
27.Shaki F., Ebrahimzadeh, H. and Niknam, V. 2018. The effect of interaction between salicylic acid and penconazole on physiological and biochemical responses of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under salinity. J. Plant Res. 31: 2. 469-481. (In Persian)
28.Różyło, K., Świeca, M., Gawlik-Dziki, U. and Stefaniuk, M. 2017. The potential of biochar for reducing the negative effects of soil contamination on the phytochemical properties and heavy metal accumulation in wheat grain. Patryk Oleszczuk. Agr Food Sci.26: 1. 34-46.
29.Ghassemi-Golezani, K. and Lotfi, R. 2015. The impact of salicylic acid and silicon on chlorophyll a fluorescence in mung bean under salt stress. Russ. J. Plant Phys. 62: 5. 611-616.
30.Hashemi, A. and Shahani, A. 2019. Effects of salt stress on the morphological characteristics, total phenol and total anthocyanin contents of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Plant Phys. Reports, 24: 2. 210-214.
31.Hashem, I. and Mohamed, M.H. 2018. Aerodynamic performance enhancements of H-rotor Darrieus wind turbine. Energy. 142: 531-545.
32.Razavizadeh, R. and Adabavazeh, F. 2017 Effects of sorbitol on essentialoil of (Carum copticum L.) underin vitro culture. Rom Biotech. Lett.22: 1. 12281-12289.
33.Heidari, M. and Minaei, A. 2014. Effects of drought stress and humic acid application on flower yield and content of macro-elements in medical plant borage (Borago officinalis L.) J. Plant Prod Res. 21: 1. 167-182. (In Persian)
34.Jones, J. and Benton, J. 2012. Plant nutrition and soil fertility manual. 2nd Edition. CRC Press Inc. Boca Raton, FL: 304.
35.Gholinezhad, R., Sirousmehr, A. and Fakheri, B. 2016. Evaluation of irrigation regimes and use of organic fertilizers on qualitive and quantitive yield of borage (Borago officinalis L.). J. Crop Ecophy. 10: 3. 683-696.(In Persian)
36.Prasad, P.V.V., Staggenborg, S.A. and Ristic, Z. 2008. Impacts of drought and/or heat stress on physiological, developmental, growth, and yield processes of crop plants. In: Response of crops to limited water: understanding and modeling water stress effects on plant growth processes. (Eds. Ahuja, L.R., Reddy, V.R., Saseendran, S.A. and Yu, Q. 301-355. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of American, Soil Science Society of American. Madison, USA.
37.Nasr Esfahani, M. and Madadkar Haghjou, M. 2015. Response of Glycine max to drought stress in relation to growth parameters and some key enzymes of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Iran. J. Plant Bio. 7: 24. 77-89.
38.Sun, H., Zhang, H., HI, W., Zhuo, M. and Ma, X. 2019. Effect of biochar on nitrogen use efficiency, grain yield and amino acid content of wheat cultivated on saline soil. Plant Soil Environ.65: 2. 83-89.
39.Yadava, V., Karab, T., Singh, S., Kumar Singha, A. and Khare, P. 2019. Benefits of biochar over other organic amendments: responses for plant productivity (Pelargonium graveolens L.) and nitrogen and phosphorus losses. Ind. Crops Prod. 131: 96-105.
40.Cao, H., Ning, L., Xun, M., Feng, F., Li, P., Yue, S., Song, J., Zhang, W. and Yang, H. 2019. Biochar can increase nitrogen use efficiency of Malus hupehensis by modulating nitrate reduction of soil and root. App. Soil Eco. 135: 25-32.
41.Gholamhoseini, M., Ghalavand, A., Dolatabadian, A., Jamshidi, E. and Khodaei-Joghan, A. 2013. Effectsof arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculationon growth, yield, nutrient uptakeand irrigation water productivityof sunflowers grown under drought stress. Agric Water Management,117: 106-114.
42.Jaleel, C.A., Manivannan, P., Wahid,A., Farooq, M., Al-Juburi, H., Somasundaram, R. and Panneersel Vam, R. 2009. Drought stress in plants: A Review on morphological characteristics and pigments composition. Intel. J. Agri. Biol. 11: 1. 100-105.
43.Abdollahi Mayvan, M., Khorramdel, S., Koocheki, A. and Ghorbani, R. 2018. Evaluation of yield and yield component of borage (Borago officinalis L.) affected as irrigation level and plant density. J. Agroecol. 10: 2. 327-339.
(In Persian)
44.Divsalarmary, M.Z., Thamasbisarvestani, A.M., Modaressanavi, A. and Hamidi. 2017. Study the effect of drought stress on oil, protein percent and fatty acids composition of soybean grain. J. Ecoph. 8: 44-55. (In Persian)