Effect of nitrogen source on growth parameters, chlorophyll content and some elemental concentration of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in soilless culture conditions

Document Type : original paper

Authors

1 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

2 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University

3 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

Abstract

Background: Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an annual, aromatic and herbaceous plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family which is used as fresh vegetable and traditionally used to treatment many diseases. Plant nutrition is one of the important factors that affect quantitative and qualitative characteristics of plants. Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for plant growth and development. Plants can absorb nitrogen either as nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+), and for optimal uptake and growth each plant species requires a different nitrate to ammonium ratio. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different nitrate to ammonium ratios on morphophysiological characteristics and element concentration of basil.
Materials and Methods: To study the effect of different nitrate to ammonium ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100) on hydroponically grown basil, a pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. In order to evaluate the growth parameters (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, number and length of axillary shoots, fresh and dry weight of leaves, stems and roots), chlorophyll content and nutrients concentration (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, copper, manganese and zinc in the leaves and roots), plant sampling was carried out at flowering stage.
Results: The results showed that plant growth parameters (such as number of leaves, number and length of axillary shoots, fresh and dry weight of leaves, roots and stems) and chlorophyll index (SPAD) were significantly affected by different nitrate to ammonium ratios. The different nitrate to ammonium ratios had no significant effect on plant height, stem diameter and leaf area. The growth parameters and chlorophyll content decreased with increasing of ammonium in nutrient solution and the 75:25 ratio of nitrate to ammonium was the most suitable treatment for most growth parameters and chlorophyll content. Also nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and copper (Cu) concentration in leaves and potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) content in leaves and roots were significantly affected by nitrate to ammonium ratios. As nitrate to ammonium ratio decreased, N, P, Fe and Zn content of leaves increased, while K, Cu and Mn content of leaves and K, Fe and Mn content of roots decreased.
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that basil plant requires lower concentrations of ammonium in nutrient solution for proper growth. Therefore, a solution containing 75:25 of nitrate to ammonium ratio is recommended for basil plant production under hydroponic culture coditions.

Key words: Ammonium, Basil, Hydroponic, Micronutrients, Nitrate

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

1.Ahmad, L., Kanth, R.H., Parvaze, S. and Mahdi, S.S. 2017. Growing DegreeDays to Forecast Crop Stages. P 95-98, In: L. Ahmad., R.H. Kanth., S. Parvaze and S.S. Mahdi (eds.), Experimental Agrometeorology, A Practical Manual, Springer, Jammu and Kashmir.
2.Ahmadi, K., Abadzadeh, H., Abdashah, H., Kazemian, A. and Rafiee, M. 2018. Agricultural Statistics in Crop Season 2016-2017. Publications Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture. Tehran, Iran. 124p. (In Persian)
3.Ahmadi, M., Kamkar, B., Soltani, A., Zeynali, E. and Arabameri, R. 2010. The effect of planting date on duration of phonological phases in wheat cultivars and it's relation with grain yield. J. Plant Prod. 17: 2. 109-122. (In Persian)
4.Amrawat, T., Solanki, N., Sharma, S., Jajoria, D. and Dotaniya, M. 2013. Phenology growth and yield of wheat in relation to agrometeorological indices under different sowing dates. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 8: 6366-6374.
5.Andarzian, B., Hoogenboom, G., Bannayan, M., Shirali, M. and Andarzian, B. 2015. Determining optimum sowing date of wheat using CSM-CERES-Wheat model. J. Saudi. So. Agri. Sci.14: 189-199.
6.Aslam, M.A., Ahmed, M., Stöckle, C.O., Higgins, S.S. and Hayat, R. 2017. Can growing degree days and photoperiod predict spring wheat phenology? Front. Environ. Sci. 5: 57.
7.Asseng, S., Ewert, F., Martre, P., Rötter, R.P., Lobell, D.B., Cammarano, D., Kimball, B., Ottman, M.J., Wall, G. and White, J.W. 2015. Rising temperatures reduce global wheat production. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5: 143.
8.Barlow, K., Christy, B., O’leary, G., Riffkin, P. and Nuttall, J. 2015. Simulating the impact of extreme heat and frost events on wheat crop production: A review. Field Crops Res. 171: 109-119.
9.Barnabás, B., Jäger, K. and Fehér, A. 2008. The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive processes in cereals. Plant Cell Environ. 31: 11-38.
10.Bauer, A., Fanning, C., Enz, J.W. and Eberlein, C. 1984. Use of growing-degree days to determine spring wheat growth stages. Extension bulletin-North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science, Cooperative Extension Service (USA). 37: 1-12.
11.Camargo, A.V., Mott, R., Gardner, K.A., Mackay, I.J., Corke, F., Doonan, J.H., Kim, J.T. and Bentley, A.R. 2016. Determining phenological patterns associated with the onset of senescence in a wheat MAGIC mapping population. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 1540.
12.Daba, K., Warkentin, T.D., Bueckert, R., Todd, C.D. and Tar’an, B. 2016. Determination of photoperiod-sensitive phase in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Front. Plant Sci. 7: 478.
13.Farooq, M., Bramley, H., Palta, J.A. and Siddique, K.H. 2011. Heat stress in wheat during reproductive and grain-filling phases. Crit. Rev. Plant. Sci.30: 491-507.
14.Farooq, M., Hussain, M. and Siddique, K.H. 2014. Drought stress in wheat during flowering and grain-filling periods. Crit. Rev. Plant. Sci. 33: 331-349.
15.Fischer, R.A. and Stapper, M. 1987. Lodging effects on high-yielding crops of irrigated semidwarf wheat. Field Crops Res. 17: 245-258.
16.Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2019: Available http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home. Last accessed 12 October 2019.
17.Ghaffari, A. and Jalal Kamali, M. 2013. Wheat Productivity in Islamic Republic of Iran: Constraints and opportunities.
P 98-11. In R. Paroda., S. Dasgupta., B. Mal., S.S. Singh, M.L. Jat. and G. Singh (eds.) Proceedings of the Regional Consultation on Improving Wheat Productivity in Asia, Bangkok, Thailand.
18.Gouache, D., Le Bris, X., Bogard, M., Deudon, O., Pagé, C., and Gate, P. 2012. Evaluating agronomic adaptation options to increasing heat stress under climate change during wheat grain filling in France. Eur. J. Agron. 39: 62-70.
19.Gudadhe, N., Kumar, N., Pisal, R., Mote, B. and Dhonde, M. 2013. Evaluation of agrometeorological indices in relation to crop phenology of cotton (Gossipium spp.) and chickpea (Cicer aritinum L.) at Rahuri region of Maharashtra. Trends Biosci. 6: 246-250.
20.Gupta, M., Sharma, C., Sharma, R., Gupta, V. and Khushu, M. 2017. Effect of sowing time on productivity and thermal utilization of mustard (Brassica juncea) under sub-tropical irrigated conditions of Jammu. J. Agrometeorol. 19: 137-141.
21.IPCC. 2018. Global Warming of 1.5° C: An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5° C Above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development,and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 616p.
22.Isidro, J., Álvaro, F., Royo, C., Villegas, D., Miralles, D.J. and García del Moral, L.F. 2011. Changes in duration of developmental phases of durum wheat caused by breeding in Spain and Italy during the 20th century and its impact on yield. Ann. Bot. 107: 1355-1366.
23.Jagadish, K.S., Kishor, K., Polavarapu, B., Bahuguna, R.N., von Wirén, N. and Sreenivasulu, N. 2015. Staying alive or going to die during terminal senescence-an enigma surrounding yield stability. Front. Plant Sci. 6: 1070.
24.Jalal Kamali, M.R. and Sharifi, H.R. 2010. Variation in developmental stages and its relationship with yield and yield components of bread wheat cultivars under field conditions II: Yield andyield components. Seed Plant Prod. J. 26: 1. 1-23. (In Persian)
25.Jalal Kamali, M.R., Sharifi, H.R., Khodarahmi, M., Jokar, R., Torkaman, H. and Ghavidel, N. 2007. Variation in developmental stages and its relationships with yield and yield components of bread wheat cultivars under field conditions I: Phenology. Seed Plant Prod. J. 23: 4. 445-472.(In Persian)
26.Kalateh-Arabi, M., Sheikh, F., Soqi, H. and Hivehchie, J. 2011. Effects of sowing date on grain yield and its components of two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in Gorgan in Iran. Seed Plant Prod. J.27: 285-296. (In Persian)
27.Khushu, M., Naseer-U-Rahman, Singh, M., Prakash, A., Tiku, A. and Bali, A. 2008. Thermal time indices for some mustard genotypes in the Jammu region. J. Agrometeorol. 10: 224-227.
28.Kirby, E., Spink, J., Frost, D., Sylvester-Bradley, R., Scott, R., Foulkes, M., Clare, R. and Evans, E. 1999. A study of wheat development in the field: analysis by phases. Eur. J. Agron. 11: 63-82.
29.Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Sharifi, H.R., Zand, E. and Kamali, G. 2001. A simulation study for growth, phenology and yield of wheat cultivars under the doubled CO2 concentration in Mashhad conditions. Desert. 6: 2. 117-127. (in Persian)
30.LI, Q.Y., Jun, Y., Liu, W.D., Zhou, S.M., Lei, L., Niu, J.S., Niu, H.B. and Ying, M. 2012. Determination of optimum growing degree-days (GDD) range before winter for wheat cultivars with different growth characteristics in North China Plain. J. Integr. Agric.11: 405-415.
31.Liu, B., Liu, L., Asseng, S., Zou, X., Li, J., Cao, W. and Zhu, Y. 2016. Modelling the effects of heat stress on post-heading durations in wheat: A comparison of temperature response routines. Agric. For. Meteorol. 222: 45-58.
32.Liu, B., Liu, L., Tian, L., Cao, W., Zhu, Y. and Asseng, S. 2014. Post‐heading heat stress and yield impact in winter wheat of China. Global Change Biology 20: 372-381.
33.Lobell, D.B., Schlenker, W. and Costa-Roberts, J. 2011. Climate trends and global crop production since 1980. Science. 333: 616-620.
34.Mkhabela, M., Ash, G., Grenier, M. and Bullock, P. 2016. Testing the suitability of thermal time models for forecasting spring wheat phenological development in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci.96: 765-775.
35.Parmesan, C. and Hanley, M.E. 2015. Plants and climate change: complexities and surprises. Ann. Bot. 116: 849-864.
36.Pérez-Gianmarco, T.I., Slafer, G.A. and González, F.G. 2018. Wheat pre-anthesis development as affected by photoperiod sensitivity genes (Ppd-1) under contrasting photoperiods. Funct. Plant Bio. 45: 645-657.
37.Plant Improvement Section in Golestan Agricultural Jihad Organization. 2019. Wheat statistics in Golestan province. Dedicated access.
38.Plaut, Z., Butow, B., Blumenthal, C. and Wrigley, C. 2004. Transport of dry matter into developing wheat kernels and its contribution to grain yield under post-anthesis water deficit and elevated temperature. Field Crops Res. 86: 185-198.
39.Reynolds, M., Foulkes, J., Furbank, R., Griffiths, S., King, J., Murchie, E., Parry, M. and Slafer, G. 2012. Achieving yield gains in wheat. Plant Cell Environ. 35: 1799-1823.
40.Sadras, V.O. and Monzon, J.P. 2006. Modelled wheat phenology captures rising temperature trends: Shortened time to flowering and maturity in Australia and Argentina. Field Crops Res. 99: 136-146.
41.Salazar-Gutierrez, M., Johnson, J., Chaves-Cordoba, B. and Hoogenboom, G. 2013. Relationship of base temperature to development of winter wheat. Int. J. Plant Prod. 7: 741-762.
42.SAS Institute. 2011. STAT 9.3 User’s guide. SAS Inst., Cary, NC. USA.
43.Semenov, M.A. and Stratonovitch, P. 2013. Designing high‐yielding wheat ideotypes for a changing climate. Food Energy Secur. 2: 185-196.
44.Seyed Ahmadi, A.R., Gharineh, M.H. Bakhshandeh, A.M., Fathi, Gh. and Naderi, A. 2012. Study of phenological and growth of canola cultivars to thermal unit accumulation in three planting dates Ahvaz climate. J. Plant Prod. 19: 4. 97-116. (In Persian)
45.Sharifi, H.R. 2016. Response of phenological development stages, grain yield and yield components of bread wheat cultivars with different growth habits to delayed planting. Seed and Plant Prod. J. 32: 21-44. (In Persian)
46.Sikder, S. 2009. Accumulated heatunit and phenology of wheat cultivarsas influenced by late sowing heattress condition. J. Agric. Rural Dev.7: 1&2. 59-64.
47.Singh, M.P. and Singh, N. 2014. Thermal requirement of indian mustard (Brassica juncea) at different phonological stages under late sown condition. Indian J. Plant Physiol.19: 238-243.
48.Singh, M. and Bhatia, H. 2011. Thermal time requirements for phenophases of apple genotypes in Kullu valley. J. Agrometeorol. 13: 46-49.
49.Singh, S., Kingra, P. and Singh, S.P. 2016. Heat unit requirement and its utilisation efficiency in wheat under different hydrothermal environments. Ann. Agric. Res. 37: 1-11.
50.Slafer, G., Abeledo, L., Miralles, D., Gonzalez, F. and Whitechurch, E. 2001. Photoperiod sensitivity during stem elongation as an avenue to raise potential yield in wheat. P 487-496. In , Z. Bedo and L. Lang (eds.), Wheat in a global environment, Springer. Dordrecht.
51.Slafer, G.A. 2012. Wheat development: its role in phenotyping and improving crop adaptation. P 107-121. In: M.P. Reynolds., A.J.D. Pask., and D.M. Mullan (eds.), Physiological breeding I: interdisciplinary approaches to improve crop adaptation. CIMMYT: Mexico-Veracruz, Mexico.
52.Solanki, N.S., Samota, S.D., Chouhan, B.S. and Nai, G. 2017. Agrometeorological indices, heat use efficiency and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as influenced by dates of sowing and irrigation. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 6: 3. 176-180.
53.Sylvester-Bradley, R., Riffkin, P. and O’Leary, G. 2012. Designing resource-efficient ideotypes for new cropping conditions: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the high rainfall zone of southern australia. Field Crops Res. 125: 69-82.
54.Wang, X., Vignjevic, M., Liu, F., Jacobsen, S., Jiang, D. and Wollenweber, B. 2015. Drought priming at vegetative growth stages improves tolerance to drought and heat stresses occurring during grain filling in spring wheat. Plant Growth Regul. 75: 677-687.
55.Warthinhton, C. and Hatchinson,C. 2005. Accumulated degree days asa model to determine key development stages and evacuate yield and qualityof potato in Northeast Florida. Proceedings of State Horticulture Society, 118: 98-101.
56.Zhang, X., Gao, M., Wang, S., Chen, F. and Cui, D. 2015. Allelic variation at the vernalization and photoperiod sensitivity loci in Chinese winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Front. Plant Sci. 6: 470.
Journal of Plant Production Research
Volume 26, Issue 1
June 2019
Pages 185-198

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics