Effect of salinity stress on growth characteristics of selected almond (Prunus dulcis) genotypes

Document Type : original paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, National Salinity Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yazd, Iran

2 Temperate Fruit Research Center, Horticultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Almond (Prunus dulcis) is one of the most important crops consumed as dry fruit and mainly adaptable to arid and semiarid regions mostly suffering from salinity stress (8).use of rootstocks and cultivars tolerance to salinity as one of the influence factors tolerance to salinity of planted fruit trees including almond (8 and 11). Temperate fruit trees are generally rated and sensitive to soluble salts and particularly sensitive to chloride, and irrigation with saline water may significantly reduce their yields (10 and 26). Also, most of the stone fruit trees and almond are sensitive to salt stresses and their productivity gradually reduces at salt concentrations above 1.5 ds/m and down to 50% of normal yield at the salt concentration of 4 ds/m (6 and 16). However, as plant species and different cultivars within the same plant species vary considerably in their tolerance to salinity (10), selecting plants and/or cultivars that can be grown well under adverse conditions, created in the root zone by salinization, is the most efficient and environmentally friendly agricultural practice for a more permanent solving of the problem of salinity (10). Despite the presence of information on the effect of salinity on morphological, physiological and concentration of nutrition elements in almond genotypes leaves, should be investigated more rootstocks and cultivars for tolerance to salinity, finality, the most tolerant rootstocks and cultivars to salinity to be introduced. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of NaCl stress on growth characteristics and concentration of nutrition elements in selected almond genotypes leaves introducing most tolerant genotypes to it.
Material and method: To evaluate the effect of salinity stress on morphological and physiological traits as well as concentration of nutrition elements of almond leaves, an experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design (CRD), with two factors; genotype and irrigation water salinity with three replications. Studied Genotypes were Rabie, Perless, Super Nova, D99, 1-16 and 8-24 and irrigation water salinity were 0.5, 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 ds/m, respectively). Morphological traits such branch height, branch diameter, number of total leaves, percentage of green leaves, percentage of necrotic leaves, percentage of downfall leaves, aerial organs fresh and dry weight, aerial organs dry weight to aerial organs fresh weight ratio and physiological traits such SPAD, relative humidity content, relative ionic percentage, minimum fluorescence (FO), maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv) and Fv to Fm ratio and nutrition elements such as K+, Na+ and Na+ to K+ ratio, was investigated in selected almond genotypes leaves then perform salinity stress.
Result and discussion: The results showed that type of genotype and level of salinity were affected on growth characteristics and concentration of leaves element nutrient. In all of the studied genotypes, with increasing levels of salinity, branch height, branch diameter, number of total leaves, green leaves percentage, aerial organs fresh and dry weight, relative humidity percentage, SPAD, maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv) and K+ percentage were reduced. But, necrotic leaves percentage, downfall leaves percentage, aerial organs dry weight to aerial organs fresh weight ratio, relative ionic percentage Na+ percentage, Na+ to K+ ratio, minimum fluorescence (FO), and Fv to Fm ratio were increased.
Conclusion: Overall, The results showed that type of genotype were effective in tolerance to salinity. D99 cultivar was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar to salinity stress. This cultivar could with keeping growth traits and the more absorption K+ against Na+ was tolerated salinity 4.5 ds/m

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

1.Baker, N.R. and Rosenqvist, E. 2004. Applications of chlorophyll fluorescence can improve crop production strategies: an examination of future possibilities. ‎J. Exp. Bot. 55: 607-1621.
2.Chen, S., Li, J., Wang, S., Huttermann, A. and Altman, A. 2001. Salt, nutrient uptake and transport, and ABA of Populus eupharatica; a hybrid in response to increasing soil NaCl. Trees-Struct Funct. 15: 186-194.
3.Deall, J.R. and Toivonen, P.M.A. 2003. Practical Applications of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Plant Biology. Kluwer Academic Publish. Boston, Dordrecht, London.
4.Dexter, S.T., Tottingham, W.E. and Graber, L.F. 1930. Preliminary results in measuring the hardiness of plants. J. Plant Physiol. 5: 215-223.
5.Dexter, S.T., Tottingham, W.E. and Graber, L.F. 1932. Investigations of the hardiness of plants by measurement of electrical conductivity. J. Plant Physiol.
7: 63-78.
6.El-Azab, E.M., El-Kobbia., A.M. andEl-Khayat, H.M. 1998. Effects of three sodium salts on vegetative growth and mineral composition of stone fruit rootstock seedlings. Alexandria J. Agri. Res. 43: 219-229.
7.Emami, A. 1996. Methods of plant analysis. Agricultural Research and Education Organization. Soil and Water Research Institute. 130p.
8.FAO. 2014. Food and Agricultural commodities production. http://faostat. fao.org/site/339/default.aspx.
9.Garcia-Sanchez, F. and Syvertsen, J.P. 2006. Salinity tolerance of Cleopatra mandarin and carrizo citrange citrus rootstock seedlings is affected by CO2 enrichment during growth. Hort. Sci.131: 24-31.
10.Grattan, S.R. 2002. Irrigation water salinity and crop production. University of California. Agriculture and Natural Resourses Public. 8066.
11.Griffiths, H. and Parry, M.A.J. 2002. Plant responses to water stress. Ann. Bot. 89: 801-802.
12.Heiydari Sharif Abad, H. 2001. Plant and salinity. For. Range. 71p. (In Persian)
13.Karakas, B., Bianco, R.L. and Rieger, M. 2000. Association of marginal leaf scorches with sodium accumulation in salt-stressed peach. Hort. Sci. 35: 1. 83- 84.
14.Kodad, O., Morales, F. and Socias i Company, R. 2010. Evaluation of almond flower tolerance to frosts by chlorophyll fluorescence Options Méditerranéennes: Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens, 94: 141-145.
15.Lutts, S., Kinet, J.M. and Bouharmont, J. 1995. Changes in plant response to NaCl during development of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in salinity resistance. Exper. Bot. 46: 1843-1852.
16.Maas, E.V. and Hoffman, G.J. 1977. Crop salt tolerance: current assessment. Irrig. Drain. Engin. 103: 115-134.
17.Mahajan, Sh. and Tuteja, N. 2005. Cold, salinity and drought stresses: An overview. Biochem. Biophy. 444: 139-158.
18.Massai, R., Remorni, D. and Tattini, M. 2004. Gas exchange, water relations and osmotic adjustment in two scion/ rootstock combinations of Prunus under various salinity concentrations. Plant. Soil. Sci. 259: 153-162.
19.Maxwell, K. and Johnson, G.N. 2000. Chlorophyll fluorescence a practical guide. Exper. Bot. 51: 659-668.
20.Momenpour, A., Bakhshi, D., Imani, A. and Rezaie, H. 2015. Effect of salinity stress on growth characteristics and concentrations of nutrition elements in Almond (Prunus dulcis) ‘Shahrood 12’, ‘Touno’ cultivars and ‘1-16’ genotype budded on GF677 rootstock. Agri. Crops. Prod. 17: 1. 112-133. (In Persian)
21.Momenpour, A., Bakhshi, D., Imani, A. and Rezaie, H. 2015. Effect of Salinity Stress on the Morphological and Physiological characteristic in some Selected Almond (Prunus dulcis) Genotypes Budded on GF677 rootstock. Plant. Prod. Technol. 7: 2. 137-152.(In Persian)
22.Momenpour, A., Imani, A., Bakhshi, D. and Rezaie, H. 2015. Effect of Salinity Stress on Concentrations of Nutrition Elements in Almond (Prunus Dulcis) 'Shokofeh', 'Sahand' Cultivars and'13-40' Genotype Budded on GF677 Rootstock. Hort. Sci. 29: 2. 255-268.(In Persian)
23.Momenpour, A., Imani, A., Bakhshi, D. and Rezaie, H. 2015. Evaluation of salinity tolerance in some almond genotypes grafted on GF677 rootstock base on morphological characteristic and chlorophyll fluorescence. Plant. Proc. Func. 3: 10. 9-28. (In Persian)
24.Munns, R. and Tester, M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Ann. Rev. Plant. Biol. 59: 651-681.
25.Noitsakis, B., Dimassi, K. and Therios I. 1997. Effect of NaCl induced salinity on growth, chemical composition and water relation of two almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) cultivars and the hybrid GF677 (Prunus amygdalus- Prunus persica). Acta. Hort. 449: 641-648.
26.Rahemi, M., Nagafian, Sh. and Tavallaie V. 2008. Growth and chemical composition of hybrid GF677 influenced by salinity levels of irrigation water. Plant. Sci. 7: 3. 309-313.
27.Rahmani, A., Daneshvar, H.A. and Sardabi H. 2003. Effect of salinity on growth of two wild almond species and two genotypes of the cultivated almond species (P. dulcis). Iran. J. Forest. Pop. Res. 11: 1. 202-208.
28.Ranjbarfordoei, A., Samson, R.S.and Vanamme P. 2006. Chlorophyll fluorescence performance of sweet almond [Prunus dulcis (Miller) D. Webb] in response to salinity stress induced by NaCl. Photosynthetica.44: 4. 513-522.
29.Sayed, O.H. 2003. Chlorophyll flourscence as a tool in cereal research. Photosynthetica. 3: 321-330.   
30.Shibli, R.A., Shatnawi, M.A. and Swaidat, I.Q. 2003. Growth, osmotic adjustment and nutrient acquisition of bitter almond under induced sodium chloride salinity in vitro. Com. Soil. Sci. Plant. Anal. 34: 1969-1979.
31.Staples, R.C. and Toenniessen, G.H. 1984. Salinity tolerance in plants.John Wiley and Sons. 443p.
32.Starck, Z., Niemyska, B., Bogdon, J. and Tawalbeh, R.N.A. 2000. Response of tomato plants to chilling stress in association with nutrient or phosphorus starvation. Plant. Soil. Sci. 226: 99-106.
33.Szczerba, M.W., Britto, D.T. and Kronzucker, H.J. 2009. K+ transportin plants: physiology and molecular biology. Plant. Physiol. 166: 447-466.
34.Szczerba, M.W., Britto, D.T., Balkos, K.D. and Kronzucker, H.J. 2008. NH4+-stimulated and -inhibited components of K+ transport in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Exp. Bot. 59: 3415-3423.
35.Yamasaki, S. and Dillenburg, L.C. 1999. Measurements of leaf relative water content in Araucaria angustifolia. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 11: 69-75.
Journal of Plant Production Research
Volume 26, Issue 2
September 2019
Pages 29-46

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics