Effect of rice husk biochar on growth and micronutrients concentration of holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) under water stress

Document Type : original paper

Authors

1 Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

2 PhD. Student. Department of Soil Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

3 PhD. Student. Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

Backgrounds and objectives: Biochar as a soil amendment improves soil physical and chemical properties, increase nutrient availability, decrease greenhouse gases, reduce nutrient leaching and ultimately increase crop production. Drought stress is one of the most important factors that limit plants growth. Arid lands have a little organic matter, and because of high pH, micronutrients deficiency was observed in these soils. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of rice husk biochar and water stress on the growth and micronutrients concentration of holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.).
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in a factorial 3×3 arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions. Treatments consisted of three soil moisture levels (100 (blank), 75, and 55, % of field capacity) and three rice husk biochar levels (0, 2 and 4% W). 10 holy basil seeds were sown in each pot and thinned to six uniform seedlings per pot after 3 weeks. Then, moisture levels applied by weighting the pot each day at growing period. 12 weeks after emergence, SPAD values, shoots height, number of inflorescences, and number of branches and micronutrients concentration in aerial part of plant was determined.
Results: Results showed that 75 % of field capacity (FC) did not have a significant effect on dry weight of holy basil plant but shoot dry weight in 55% FC significantly decreased by about 39.7%. Water stresses (55 % of FC) also reduced wet weight, shoot height, number of inflorescences, and number of branches by 49.5, 29.5, 38.9 and 17.8 % as compared to the control, respectively, but increased SPAD values. In 55 % of FC, the average of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentration significantly decrease by 43.31 and 39.5%, respectively; but the average of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) concentration significantly increased by 29.72 and 28.2%, in plant shoots. Generally, application of rice husk biochar significantly reduced the average of shoots zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentration while it increased manganese (Mn) concentration but did not have a significant effect on dry and wet weight of holly basil.
Conclusion: Results indicated that 75 % of field capacity (FC) did not have a significant effect on dry weight of holy basil plant. Therefore, deficit irrigation can be considered as a suitable strategy in water limited conditions. Also application of rice husk biochar significantly increase the average of shoots manganese (Mn) concentration but had no effects on dry weight probably due to short term of plant growth, type of biochar, and biochor levels. More investigation using another biochar at other different levels is recommended.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

1.Akhtar, S.S., Anderse, M.N. and Liu, F. 2014. Biochar enhances yield and quality of tomato under reduced irrigation. Agric. Water Manag. 138: 37-44.
2.Albouchi, A., Bejaoui, Z. and El Aouni, M.H. 2003. Influence d’un stress hydrique mode´re´ou se´ve` resurlacroissance de jeunes plants de Casuarina glauca.Se´ Cheresse. 14: 137-142. (With English Abstract)
3.Aller, D., Rathke, S., Laird, D., Cruse, R., and Hatfield, J. 2017. Impacts of fresh and aged biochars on plant available water and water use Efficiency. Geoderma. 307: 114-121.
4.Amonette, J. and Joseph, S. 2009. Characteristics of biochar: micro chemical properties. P 33-52. In: J. Lehmann S. Joseph (eds). Biochar for environmental management: science and technology. London: Earthscan:
5.Azizabadi, E., Golchin, A. and Delavar, M. 2014. Effect of potassium anddrought stress on growth indices and mineral content of safflower leaf. Ejgcst. 5: 3. 65-80. (In Persian)
6.Babaee, K., Amini Dehaghi, M., Modares Sanavi, S.A.M. and Jabbari, R. 2010. Water deficit effect on morphology, prolin content and thymol percentage of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Iran. J. Med. Arom. Plant. 26: 2. 239-251.(In Persian)
7.Bremner, J.M. 1965. Total Nitrogen.In: C.A. Black et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI. Pp: 1149-1178.
8.Carter, S., Shackley, S., Sohi, S., Suy, T.B. and Haefele, S. 2013. The impact of biochar application on soilproperties and plant growth of pot grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and cabbage (Brassica chinensis). Agron. 3: 404-418.
9.Case, S.J., McNamara, N.P., Reay, D.S. and Whitaker, J. 2012. The effect of biochar addition on N2O and CO2 emissions from a sandy loam soil-The role of soil aeration. Soil Biol. Biochem. 51: 125-134.
10.Chapman, H.D. and Pratt, D.F. 1961. Methods of Analysis for Soil, Plant and Water. University. California. Division Agriculture. Soil Science. Pp: 60-62.
11.Chattopadhyay, R.R. 1999. A comparative evaluation of origin. J. Ethnopharmacol. 67: 367-372.
12.Gee, G.W. and Bauder, J.W. 1986. Particle size analysis, hydrometer methods. P 383-411. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. D.L. Sparks et al. (eds.) Part 2. Am. Soc. Agron. Inc: Madison, WI.
13.Hardie, M., Clothier, B., Bound, S., Oliver, G. and Close, D. 2014. Does biochar influence soil physical properties and soil water availability? Plant Soil. 376: 347-361.
14.Hassan, F.A.S., Bazaid, S. and Ali, E.F. 2013. Effect of deficit irrigation on growth, yield and volatile oil content on Rosmarinus officinalis L. Plant. J. Med. Plant. Stud. 1: 3. 12-21.
15.Hassanpour, Z., Karimi, H.R. and Mirdehghan, S.H. 2015. Effects of salinity and water stress on echophysiological parameters and micronutrients concentration of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.).
J. Plant. Nutr. 38: 5. 795-807.
16.Ihuoma, S.O. and Madramootoo, C.A. 2017. Recent advances in crop water stress detection. Com. Elec. Agric.
141: 267-275.
17.Jeffery, S., Verheijen, F.G.A., van der Velde, M. and Bastos, A.C. 2011. A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 144: 175-187.
18.Jeffery, S., Meinders, M.B.J., Stoof, C.R., Bezemer, T.M., van de Voorde, T.F.J., Mommer, L. and van Groenigen, J.W. 2015. Biochar application does not improve the soil hydrological function of a sandy soil. Geoderma. 251: 47-54.
19.Kamara, A., Hawanatu, S.K. and Mohamed, S.K. 2015. Effect of rice straw biochar on soil quality and the early growth and biomass yield of two rice varieties. Agric. Sci. 6: 798-806.
20.Karami, M., Afyuni, M., Rezaee Nejad, Y. and Khosh Goftarmanesh, A. 2009 Cumulative and residual effects of sewage sludge on zinc and copper concentration in soil and wheat. JWSS. 12: 639-654. (In Persian)
21.Khorram, M.S., Zhang, Q., Lin, D., Zheng, Y., Fang, H. and Yu, Y.L. 2016. Biochar: a review of its impact on pesticide behavior in soil environments and its potential applications. J. Environ. Sci. 44: 269-279.
22.Kothari, S.K., Bhattacharya, A.K. and Ramesh, S. 2004. Essential oil yield and quality of methyl eugenol rich Ocimum sanctum L.f. (syn. O. sanctum L.) in south India as influenced by method of harvest. J. Chromatogr, 1054: 1-2. 67-72.
23.Lehmann, J. 2007. Bio-energy in the black. Front. Ecol. Environ. 5: 381-387.
24.Lehmann, J. and Joseph, S. 2009. Biochar for environmental management. Science and Technology. London: Earthscan Publishing: Pp: 1-12.
25.Lehmann, J. and Joseph, S. 2015. Biochar for environmental management; an introduction. In: J. Lehmann and S. Joseph (Eds.), biochar for environmental management: Science and Technology. Earthscan, Londan.
26.Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Kinyangi, J., Grossman, J., O’Neill, B., Skjemstad, J.O., Thies, J., Luiza˜o, F.J., Petersen, J. and Neves, E.G. 2006. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70: 5. 1719-1730.
27.Lindsay, W.L. and Norvell, W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 421-428.
28.Malakouti, M.J., Karimian, N. and Keshavarz, P. 2006. Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system for balanced fertilization. 6th ed. Tarbiat Modares University Press, Tehran, Iran. 744p. (In Persian)
29.Naeem, A.M., Khalid, M., Aon, M., Abbas, Gh., Tahir, M., Amjad, M., Murtaza, B., Yang, A. and Akhtar, S.S. 2017. Effect of wheat and rice straw biochar produced at different temperatures on maize growth and nutrient dynamics of a calcareous soil. Arch. Agr. Soil. Sci. 68: 2048-2061.
30.Nelson, D.W. and Sommers, L.E. 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. 3rd Ed. P 961-1010.
In: Sparks, D.L., et al., (Eds). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, Chemical and microbiological properties. Soil Science of America and American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin.
31.Omid Beigi, R. and Mahmoudi Sourestani, M. 2010. Effect of water stress on morphological traits, essential oil content and yield of anise hyssop Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze. Iran. J. Hort. Sci. 41: 2. 153-161.(In Persian)
32.Park, J.H., Choppala, G.K., Bolan, N.S., Chung, J.W. and Chuasavathi, T. 2011. Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals. Plant Soil 348: 439-451.
33.Puga, A.P., Abreu, C.A., Melo, L.C.A. and Beesley, L. 2015. Biochar application to a contaminated soil reduces the availability and plant uptake of zinc, lead and cadmium. J. Environ. Manag. 159: 86-93.
34.Pushpangadan, P. and Sobti, S.N. 1997. Medical properties of Ocimum (Tulsi) species and some recent investigations of their efficacy. Indian Drug. 14: 207-208.
35.Rajabi, H., Safarzadeh, S. and Ronaghi, A. 2017. Effect of pistachio residue biochar prepared at two different temperatures and different nitrogenand phosphorus levels on some macronutrients concentration and spinach growth. J. Water. Soil. 31: 2. 557-569. (In Persian)
36.Rahbarian, P. and Afsharmanesh, Gh. 2011. Effects of water deficit and manure on yield and morphological characters some of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica) in Jiroft Area. J. Crop Eco. Physio. 5: 1. 41-52. (In Persian)
37.Rasouli, D. and Fakheri, B. 2016. Effects of drought stress on quantitative and qualitative yield, physiological characteristics and essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum americanum L. Iran. J. Med. Arom. Plant. 32: 5. 900-914. (In Persian)
38.Rhoades, J.D. 1996. Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids.P 417-436. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. D. L. Sparks et al. (eds.). Part 3. 3rd ed. American Society of Agronomy, Inc: Madison, WI.
39.Saharkhiz, M.J., Ghani, A. and Khayat, M. 2009. Changes in essential oil composition of Clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) aerial parts during its phenological cycle. J. Med. Arom. Plant. Sci. Biotechnol. 3: 1. 90-93.
40.Sánchez, M.E., Lindao, E., Margaleff, D., Martínez, O. and Morán, A. 2009. Pyrolysis of agricultural residues from rape and sunflowers: production and characterization of bio-fuels and biochar soil management. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 85: 142-144.
41.Schutz, M. and Fangmeir, E. 2001. Growth and yield responses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Minaret) to elevated CO2 and water limitation. Environ. Pollut. 114: 187-194.
42.Singh, S., Taneja, M. and Majumdar, D.K. 2007. Biological activities of Ocimum sanctum L. fixed oil: an over view. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 45: 403-412.
43.Singh, V., Amdekar, S. and Verma,O. 2011. Ocimum sanctum bio-pharmacological activities, Webmedcentral. Pharmacol. 1: 10. 1-7.
44.Sodaeizadeh, H., and Mansouri, F. 2014. Effects of drought stress on dry matter accumulation, nutrient concentration
and soluble carbohydrate of Salvia macrosiphon as a medicinal plant. J. Manag. System. 4: 1. 1-9. (In Persian)
45.Sodaiizadeh, H., Shamsaie, M., Tajamoliyan, M., Mirmohammady maibody, A.M. and Hakimzadeh, M.A. 2016. The effects of water stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Satureja hortensis.J. Plant. Proc. Func. 5: 15.1-12.(In Persian)
46.Tipayarom, D. and Oanh, N.T.K.2007. Effects from open rice straw burning emission on air quality in the Bangkok metropolitan region. Sci. Asia. 33: 339-345.
47.Thomas, G.W. 1996. Soil pH and soil acidity. P 475-490. In: Methods of Soil Analysis D. L. Sparks et al. (eds.) Part 3. 3rd ed. American Society of Agronomy. Inc: Madison, WI.
48.Xiao, Q., Zhu, L., Shen, Y. and Li, Sh. 2016. Sensitivity of soil water retention and availability to biochar addition in rainfed semi-arid farmland during a three-year field experiment. Field. Crops. Res. 196: 248-293.  
49.Xu, R.K., Zhao, A.Z., Yuan, J.H. and Jiang, J. 2012. pH buffering capacity of acid soils from tropical and subtropical regions of China as influenced by incorporation of crop straw biochar. J. Soils. Sediments. 12: 4. 494-502.
50.Zavalloni, C., Alberti, G., Biasiol, S., Vedove, G.D., Fornasier, F., Liu, J. and Peressotti, A. 2011. Microbial mineralization of biochar and wheat straw mixture in soil: A short-term study. Appl. Soil. Ecol. 50: 45-51.
51.Ziaei, A., Moghaddam, M. and Kashefi, B. 2016. The effect of superabsorbent polymers on morphological traits of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) under drought stress. J. Sci. Technol. Greenhouse. 7: 99-111. (In Persian)
Journal of Plant Production Research
Volume 26, Issue 2
September 2019
Pages 101-114

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics