Evaluation of some physiological and morphological characteristics of three genotypes of the ornamental pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) under salt stress

Document Type : scientific research article

Authors

1 M.Sc. Student, Dept. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Yazd, Iran

2 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Yazd, Iran

3 Assistant Prof., National Salinity Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yazd, Iran

Abstract

Background and objectives: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), from the family Punicaceae, is a popular fruit of tropical and subtropical regions that is native to the area stretching from Iran to the Himalayas in northern India. Pomegranate has been widely cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, which these areas are frequently affected by high salinity. The present study was therefore, carried out with the objective to identify and introduce the most-tolerant Iranian genotypes of ornamental pomegranate to different salinity levels of irrigation water.
Materials and methods: A pot experiment was conducted during a six-month period in order to evaluate and compare the salinity tolerance of three Iranian ornamental genotypes of pomegranate during 2017-2018. The experiment was arranged in factorial based on the completely randomized design with two factors included water salinity in 5 levels of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 dSm-1 and three ornamental pomegranate genotypes (‘Golnar Saravan’, ‘Golnar Shahdad’ and ‘Golnar saveh’) in 4 replications. The properties concerned during the experiment were vegetative growth, the fallen, chlorosis and green of leaves. At the end of the experiment, the vegetative yield and fresh and dry weight of leaves and shoots, ion leakage, relative water content and chlorophyll index were also measured. In addition, leaves were analyzed for elements such as Na+, K+, Cl– and Na/K ratio.
Results: Results showed that with increasing of salinity levels in all three investigated genotypes, growth characteristics, significantly decreased, ion leakage, the relative water content of leaves and chlorophyll index significantly increased. Also with increasing of salinity levels Na+, Cl- and Na+/Cl- significantly increased. In all studied genotypes, plant height and leaf area decreased from salinity level of 5 and 7 dS.m-1 respectively. Increasing in leaf necrosis, and decreasing in percentage of green leaves and also relative water content in ‘Golnar Sarvestan’ were observed from salinity level of 5 dS.m-1and from salinity level of 7 dS.m-1 in ‘Golnar Shahdad’ and ‘Gonar Saveh’. Leaves falldown in ‘Gonar Saveh’ and ‘Golnar Sarvestan’ were increased in salinity level of 7 dS.m-1 and in ‘Golnar Shahdad’ in 5 dS.m-1 salinity level. In two genotypes (‘Golnar Sarvestan’and ‘Golnar Shahdad’) the ion leakage increased in 7 dS.m-1 salinity level and in ‘Gonar Saveh’ in salinity level of 5 dS.m-1. In higher salinity levels (7 and 9 dS.m-1) Na+, Cl- and Na+/Cl- uptake were significantly decreased in ‘Golnar Sarvestan’and ‘Golnar Shahdad’ in compared to ‘Golnar Sarvestan’.
Conclusion: Generally among all studied genotypes, ‘Golnar Shahdad’ has been showed the maximum growth characteristics, and the lowest appearance injury, accumulation of Na+, Cl- in higher levels of salinity. So it seems that this genotype is the most tolerant of the salinity.

Keywords

References

1.Avabaev, A.M., Bezrukova, M.V., Kildibekova, A.R., Fathutdinova, R.A. and Shakinova, F.M. 2003. Wheat Germagglutinin restores cell division and growth of wheat seedling. Bulgarian J. Plant Physiol. Special Issue. Pp: 257-263.
2.Bajji, M., Kinet, J.M. and Lutts, S. 2002. The use of the electrolyte leakage method for assessing cell membrane stability as a water stress tolerance test in durum wheat. Plant Growth Regul. 36: 1. 61-70.
3.Bejaoui, F., Salas, J.J., Nouairi, I., Smaoui, A., Abdelly, C., Martínez-Force, E. and Youssef, N.B. 2016. Changes in chloroplast lipid contents and chloroplast ultrastructure in Sulla carnosa and Sulla coronaria leaves under salt stress. J. Plant Physiol. 198: 32.
4.Besma, B.D. and Denden, M. 2012. Effect of salt stress on growth, anthocyanins, membrane permeability and chlorophyll fluorescence of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) seedlings. Am. J. Plant Physiol. 7: 174-183.
5.Chartzoulakis, K. 2005. Salinity and olive: growth salt tolerance photosynthesis and yield. Agric. Water Manag. 78: 108-121.
6.Chatzissavvidis, C., Papadakis, I. and Therios, I. 2008. Effect of calcium on the ion status and growth performance of a citrus rootstock grown under NaCl stress. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 54: 910-915.
7.Emami A. 1996. Methods of plant analysis. Journal of Agricultural research, education and extension organization.
1: 28-58. (In Persian)
8.Francois, L.E. and L. Bernstein. 1964. Salt tolerance of safflower. Agron. J.56: 38-40.
9.Gomes, M.A.D.C., Suzuki, M.S., Cunha, M.D. and Tullii. C.F. 2011. Effect ofsalt stress on nutrient concentration, photosynthetic pigments, proline and foliar morphology of Salvinia auriculata Aubl. Acta Limnol. Brasil. 23: 2. 164-176.
10.Gorai, M., Ennajeh, M., Khemira, H. and Neffati, M. 2010. Combined effect of NaCl salinity and hypoxia on growth, photosynthesis, water relations and solute accumulation in Phragmites australis plants. Flora. 205: 7. 462-470.
11.Hu, Y.C. and Schmidhalter, U.2005. Drought and salinity: a comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 168: 541-549.
12.Ibrahim, H.I.M. 2011. Fruit trees production in desert regions. "Arabic edition" 1st Ed Dar El-Fajr-Cairo- Egypt.
13.Ibrahim, H.I.M. 2016. Tolerance oftwo pomegranates cultivars (Punica granatum L.) to salinity stress under hydroponic culture conditions. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res. Flora. 4: 38-46.
14.Jampeetong, A. and Brix, H. 2009. Effects of NaCl salinity on growth, morphology, photosynthesis and proline accumulation of Salvinia natans. Aquat. Bot. 91: 3. 181-186.
15.Kafi, M., Borzoee, A., Salehi, M., Kamandi, A., Masoumi, A. and Nabati, J. 2009. Physiology of environmental stresses in plants. Jahad daneshgahi Mashhad. 502p. (In Persian)
16.Karimi, H. and Hasanpour, Z. 2014. Effects of salinity and water stress on growth and macro nutrients concentration of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.).J. Plant Nutr. 37: 12. 1937-1951.
17.Liu, C., Ming, Y., Xianbin, H. and Zhaohe, Y. 2018. Effects of saltstress on growth and physiological characteristics of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cuttings. Pak. J. Bot.50: 2. 457-464.
18.Lutts, S., Kinet, J.M. and Bouharmont, J. 1995. Changes in plant response to NaCl during development of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in salinity resistance. J. Exp. Bot. 46: 1843-1852.
19.Mastrogiannidou, E., Chatzissavvidis, C., Antonopoulou, C., Tsabardoukas, V., Giannakoula, A. and Therios, I. 2016. Response of pomegranate cv. wonderful plants tο salinity. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 16: 3. 621-636.
20.Melgar, J.C., Syvertsen, J.P., Martínez, V. and García-Sánchez, F. 2008. Leaf gas exchange, water relations, nutrient content and growth in citrus and olive seedlings under salinity. Biol. Plant.52: 2. 385-390.
21.Momenpour, A., Imani, A. and Rezaie, H. 2015. Evaluation of growth characteristics and nutrient concentration in four almond (Prunus dulcis) genotypes budded on GF677 rootstock under salinity stress, Iranian J. Hort. Sci. 46: 3. 409-427. (In Persian)
22.Momenpour, A., Imani, A., Bakhshi,D. and Akbarpour, E. 2018. Evaluation of Salinity Tolerance of Some Selected Almond Genotypes Budded onGF677 Rootstock. Int. J. Fruit Sci.18: 4. 410-435.
23.Momenpour, A. and Imani, A. 2018. Evaluation of salinity tolerance in fourteen selected pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars. Adv. Hort. Sci.32: 2. 249-264.
24.Mousavi, S.A., Tatari, M., Mehnatkesh, A. and Haghighati, B. 2009. 'Vegetative Growth Response of Young Seedlings of Five Almond Cultivars toWater Deficit', Seed. Plant Improv. J. 25: 4. 551-567. (In Persian)
25.Munns, R. 2002. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell Environ. 25: 239-250.
26.Munns, R. and Tester, M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 59: 651-681.
27.Munns, R., James, R.A. and Lauchli, A. 2006. Approaches to increasing the salt tolerance of wheat and other cereals.
J. Exp. Bot. 57: 1025-1043.
28.Naeini, M.R., Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H. and Fallahi, E. 2006. Partitioning of chlorine, sodium, and potassium and shoot growth of three pomegranate cultivars under different levels of salinity. J. Plant Nutr. 29: 1835-1843.
29.Naeini, M.R., Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H., Lessani, H. and Fallahi, E.2004. Effects of sodium chloride induced salinity on mineral nutrients and soluble sugars in three commercial cultivars of pomegranate. J. Plant Nutr. 27: 1319-1326.
30.Noreen, Z. and Ashraf, M. 2009. Changes in antioxidant enzymes and some key metabolites in some genetically diverse cultivars of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Environ. Exp. Bot. 67: 2. 395-402.
31.Okhovatian-Ardakani, A.R., Mehrabanian, M., Dehghani, F. and Akbarzadeh, A. 2010. Salt tolerance evaluation and relative comparison in cuttings of different pomegranate cultivars. Plant Soil Environ. 56: 4. 176-185.
32.Opara, U.L., Atukuri, J. and Fawole, O. A. 2015. Application of physical and chemical postharvest treatments to enhance storage and shelf life of pomegranate fruit-A review. Sci. Hort. 197: 41-49.
33.Osuagwu, G.G.E., Edeoga, H.O. and Osuagwu, A.N. 2010. The influence of water stress (drought) on the mineral and vitamin potential of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum L. Rec. Res. Sci. Technol. 2: 27-33.
34.Pal, M., Singh, D.K., Rao, L.S. and Singh, K.P. 2004. Photosynthetic characteristics and activity of antioxidant enzymes in salinity tolerant and sensitive rice cultivars. Indian J. Plant Physiol. 9: 407-412.
35.Pang, C.H. and Wang, B.S. 2008. Progress in botany. Oxidative stress and salt tolerance in plants (pp. 231-245). New York: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
36.Parvizi, H., Sepaskhah, A.R. and Ahmadi, S.H. 2016. Physiological and growth responses of pomegranate tree (Punica granatum (L.) cv. Rabab) under partial root zonedrying and deficit irrigation regimes. Agric. Water Manage. 163: 146-158.
37.Poorian, A.M., Davarinejad, G. and Selahvarzi, Y. 2015. Effects of ‘Effective Microorganisms’ on morpho-physiological traits in commercial cultivar of pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. shishe-kap) under salinity'. Iranian J. Hort. Sci. 45: 4. 441-447. (In Persian)
38.Poustini, K. and Siosemardeh, A. 2004. Ion distribution in wheat cultivars in response to salinity stress. Field Crops Res. 85: 125-133.
39.Rahnama, A., Poustini, K., Tavakkol-Afshari, R., Ahmadi, A. and Alizadeh, H. 2011. Growth properties and ion distribution in different tissues of bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) differing in salt tolerance. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 197: 21-30.
40.Renault, S., Croser, C., Franklin, J.A. and Zwiazek, J.J. 2001. Effects of NaCl and Na2SO4 on red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera Michx) seedlings. Plant Soil. 233: 261-268.
41.Scalia, R., Oddo, E., Saiano, F. and Grisafi, F. 2009. Effect of salinity on Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. treated with NaCl and foliarly applied glycine betaine. Plant Stress. 3: 49-54.
42.Shelden, M.C., Roessner, U., Sharp, R.E., Tester, M. and Bacic, A. 2013. Genetic variation in the root growth response of barley genotypes to salinity stress. Func. Plant Biol. 40: 5. 516-530.
43.Sivstev, M.V., Ponamareva, S.V. and Kuzmetsova, E.A. 1973. Effect of salinization and herbicide on chlorophyllase activity in tomato leaves. Fiziol. Biokhim. Kul'turnykh Rastenii. 20: 62-65.
44.Soltani, V., Jafari, A., Kamali, K. and Vazifeshenas, M.R. 2017. Effect of diluted saline water on some vegetative and physiological triats of pomegranate rooted cutting cv. Malas-e Yazdi. J. Plant Prod. Res. 24: 3. 1-11. (In Persian)
45.Staples, R.C. and Toenniessen, G.H. 1984. Salinity tolerance in plants. John Wiley and Sons. 443p.
46.Szczerba, M.W., Britto, D.T. and Kronzucker, H.J. 2009. K+ transport in plants: physiology and molecular biology. Plant Physiol. 166: 447-466.
47.Szczerba, M.W., Britto, D.T., Balkos, K.D. and Kronzucker, H.J. 2008. NH4+ stimulated and -inhibited components of K+ transport in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environ. Exp. Bot. 59: 3415-3423.
48.Tavousi, M., Kaveh, F., Alizadeh, A., Babazadeh, H. and Tehranifar, A. 2015. Effects of drought and salinity on yield and water use efficiency in pomegranate tree. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 6: 1975-1980.
49.Valero, D., Mirdehghan, S.H., Sayyari, M. and Serrano, M. 2015. Vapor treatments, chilling, storage and antioxidants in pomegranates. Processing and Impact on Active Components in Food, ed. by Preedy V. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Pp: 189-196.
50.Yamasaki, S. and Dillenburg, L.C. 1999. Measurements of leaf relative water content in Araucaria angustifolia. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 11: 69-75.
51.Yuan, Z.H. 2016. Research progress of molecular biology on Punica granatum L. Deciduous Fruit Trees. 48: 5. 1-8.
52.Zarei, M., Azizi, M., Rahemi, M. and Tehranifar, A. 2016. Assessment of salinity tolerance of three fig cultivars based on growth and physiological factors and ions distribution. Iranian.J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 17: 2. 247-260.(In Persian)
53.Zhang, H., Han, B., Wang, T., Chen, S., Li, H., Zhang, Y. and Dai, S. 2013. Mechanisms of plant salt response: insights from proteomics. J. Proteome Res. 11: 1. 49-67.
Journal of Plant Production Research
Volume 27, Issue 2
August 2020
Pages 167-186

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics