Effect of irrigation water bicarbonate on leaf chlorosis, photosynthetic pigments and iron uptake of kiwifruit seedlings.

Document Type : scientific research article

Authors

1 Corresponding Author, M.Sc. Student, Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.

2 Professor, Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

3 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Soil Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.

Abstract

Abstract

Background and objectives: In kiwifruiy vineyards, the high concentration of bicarbonate ions in irrigation water or soil is one of the main limiting factors on growth and production. The high levels of bicarbonate in irrigation water caused soil alkalinity and reduced the root accessibility to nutrients such as irons. Iron deficiency in kiwifruit vineyards caused leaves chlorosis and therafter, fruits. Fruits with iron deficiency have an unacceptable taste and low shelf life. Iron deficiency is usually more severe in June and July with increasing irrigation frequency. Growing suitable rootstocks that have a high tolerance to soil alkalinity is a good strategy to overcome this problem. Therefore, in this study, the response of seedlings in different populations of kiwifruit from three different species to irrigation water bicarbonate was investigated.

Materials and methods: In this study, the effect of different concentrations of bicarbonate ions in irrigation water (0, 170, 350, and 550 mg L-1) on leaf chlorosis and iron uptake of seedlings of six kiwifruit seed populations (Green 11, Bruno, Red 2, Red 6, Red 22 and Baby kiwi) from three different species (Actinidia deliciosa, A. chinensis and A. arguta) was investigated as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in research greenhouse of faculty of agricultural sciences, University of guilan. Each replication was one potted seedling. The plants were irrigated with different bicarbonate level for 6 weeks with three days intaervals. Traits such as leaf fall percentage, stem diameter, chlorosis percentage, necrosis percentage, chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and iron content of leaves were measured.

Results: The results showed that increasing bicarbonate concentration in irrigation water caused leaf abscission. The highest leaf abscission percentage was observed in Baby kiwi from A. arguta with 16.6% and the lowest one in Bruno (1.19%) from A. deliciosa species as compared to their control, when exposed to high bicarbonate stress. Genotype type, different levels of bicarbonate and their interaction did not show a significant effect on the percentage of stem diameter changes. The Red2 from A. chinensis species seedlings showed the highest leaf chlorosis (38.46%) and the lowest leaf chlorosis was found in Green 11 seedlings from A. deliciosa with 6.95%. With increasing the amount of bicarbonate in irrigation water, the percentage of leaf necrosis also increased. Total leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid content significantly declined in all genotypes with increasing bicarbonate ion content in irrigation water. With increasing bicarbonate ion concentration in irrigation water, leaf iron content significantly decreased. The lowest iron declining percentage compared to the control when seedlings exposed to 170, 350, and 550 (mg L-1) of bicarbonate of irrigation water was found in Bruno from A. deliciosa species with 3.28, 4.29, and 4.72%, respectively. Moreover, the results showed that there is a significant correlation between leaf iron content and chlorophylls content, chlorosis percentage and necrosis percentage.

Conclusion: Overall, because of low leaf abscission and higher iron absorption in Bruno seedlings when exposed to high bicarbonate concentration in irrigation water or soil cab be recommend as a souperior rootstock.

Keywords

References

1.FAO, Countries by commodity, Rankings, Production. 2019. Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations.
2.Wang, N., Yao, C., Li, M., Li, C.,Liu, Z. and Ma, F. 2019. Anatomical and physiological responses of two kiwifruit cultivars to Bicarbonate. Scientia Hort. 243: 528-536.
3.Tagliavini, M. and Rombolà, A.D. 2001. Iron deficiency and chlorosis in orchard and vine-yard ecosystems. Eur. J. Agron. 15: 71-92.
4.Wegner, L.H. and Zimmermann, U. 2004. Bicarbonate-induced alkalinization of the xylem sap in intact maiz seedlings as measured in situ with a novel xylem pH probe. Plant Physiol. 136: 3469-3477.
5.Covarrubias, J.I. and Rombolà, A.D. 2013. Physiological and biochemical responses of the iron chlorosis tolerant grapevine rootstock 140 Ruggeri to iron deficiency and bi-carbonate. Plant Soil. 370: 305-315.
6.Sekhukhune, M.K., Nikolova, R.V. and Maila, M.Y. 2018. Effect of cold stratification and gibberellic acid on in vitro germination of Actinidia arguta and Actinidia chinensis. Acta Hort. 1204: 65-76.
7.Wang, N.N., Yan, T.S., Fu, L.N., Zhou, G.F., Liu, Y.Z. and Peng, S.A. 2014. Differences in boron distribution and forms in four citrus scion-rootstock combinations with contrasting boron efficiency under boron-deficient conditions. Trees. 28: 1589-1598.
8.Lawes, G.S. and Anderson, D.R. 1980. Influence of temperature and gibberellic acid on kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) seed germination, N.Z. J. Exp. Agric.8: 3-4. 277-280.
9.Byrne, D.H. and Rouse, R.E. 1994. Greenhouse screening of citrus rootstock for tolerance to bicarbonate-induced iron chlorosis. Hort. Sci. 29: 113-116.
10.Molassiotis, A., Tanou, G., Diamantidis, G., Patakas, A. and Therios, I. 2006. Effects of 4-month Fe deficiency exposure on Fe reduction mechanism, photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidant defense in two peach rootstocks differing in Fe deficiency tolerance. J. Plant Physiol. 163: 176-185.
11.Windauer, L., Insausti, P., Biganzoli, F., Benech-Arnold, R. and Izaguirre, M. 2016. Dormancy and germination responses of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) seeds to environmental cues. Seed Sci. Res. 26: 4. 342-350.
12.Ksouri, R., Debez, A., Mahmoudi, H., Ouerghi, Z., Gharsalli, M. and Lachaal, M. 2007. Genotypic variability within Tunisian grapevine varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) Facing bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 45: 315-322.
13.Martinez-Cuenca, M.R., Iglrsias, D.J., Forner Giner, M.A., Primo-Millo, E.and Legaz, F. 2013. Acta phyiol Plant.35: 2833-2845.
14.Sahin, O., Gunes, A., Taskin, M.B. and Inal, A. 2017. Investigation of responses of some apple (Mallus × domestica Borkh.) cultivars grafted on MM106 and M9 rootstocks to lime-induced chlorosis and oxidative stress. Sci. Hort. 219: 79-89.
15.Pirmoradian, M. 2019. The role of rootstock and cultivar in the incidence of iron chlorosis caused by lime in fruit trees of temperate regions. Technical Journal of the Ministry of Jihad for Agriculture, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Horticultural Research Institute ofMild and Cold Fruits Research Institute. 31: 1214-1227.
16.Sircelj, H., Tausz, M., Grill, D. and Batic, F. 2007. Detecting differentlevels of drought stress in apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) with selected biochemical and physiological parameters. Scientia Hort. 113: 362-369.
17.Celik, H., Katkat, A.V. and Basar, H. 2006. Effects of bicarbonate induced chlorosis on selected nutrient content
and nutrient ratio of shoots and rootsof different maize varieties. J. Agron.5: 2. 369-374.
18.Shahabi, A., Malakouti, M. and Fallahi, E. 2005. Effects of bicarbonate content of irrigation water on nutritional disorders of some apple varieties. J. Plant Nutr. 28: 1663-1678.
19.Zuo, Y., Ren, L., Zhang, F. and Jiang, R. F. 2007. Bicarbonate concentration as affected by soil water content controls iron nutrition of peanut plants in a calcareous soil. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 45: 357-364.
20.Ranganna, S. 1997. Manual of Analysis of Fruit and Vegetable Products. 9nd Ed, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
21.Mengel, K., Planker, R. and Hoffmann, B. 1994. Relationship between leaf apoplast pH and iron chlorosis of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). J. Plant Nutr. 17: 6. 1053-1065.
22.Malakouti, M.J., Ahyayi A.M. and Khoshkhabar, Z. 1999. Bicarbonate of irrigation water is an obstacle in increasing the yield of agricultural products in the country. Technical Journal of Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, Tat Organization, Agricultural Education Publishing, 67: 1021-1033.
23.Ksouri, R., Gharsalli, M. and Lachaal, M. 2005. Physiological responses of Tunisian grapevine varieties to bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency.J. Plant Physiol. 162: 335-341.
24.Nikolic, M. and Kastori, R. 2000. Effect of bicarbonate and Fe supply on Fe nutrition of grapevine. J. Plant Nutr.
23: 11-12. 1619-1627.
25.Alcantara, E., Romera, F.J., Canete, M. and de la Guardia, M.D. 2000. Effectsof bicarbonate and iron supply onFe(III) reducing capacity of root andleaf chlorosis of the susceptible peach rootstock ‘Nemaguard’. J. Plant Nutr.23: 1607-1617.
26.Nikolic, M. and Römheld, V. 2002. Does high bicarbonate supply to roots change availability of iron in the leaf apoplast? Plant Soil. 241: 67-74.
27.Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R. 1982. Method of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and microbial properties. ASA and SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin. USA.
28.Nagarathnamma, R. 2006. Evaluationof groundnut genotypes for limeinduced chlorosis tolerance. Plant Soil. 140: 175-190.
29.Yang, J.Y., Zheng, W., Tian, Y., Wu, Y. and Zhou, D.W. 2011. Effects of various mixed salt-alkaline stresses on growth, photosynthesis, and photosynthetic pigment concentrations of Medicago ruthenica seedlings. Photosynthetica. 49: 275-284.
30.Deng, C.N., Zhang, G.X., Pan, X.L.and Zhao, K.Y. 2010. Chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange responses of maize seedlings to saline-alkaline stress. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci.16: 49-58.
31.Donnini, S., Castagna, A., Ranieri, A. and Zocchi, G. 2009. Differential responses in pear and quince genotypes induced by Fe deficiency and bicarbonate. J. Plant Physiol. 166: 1181-1193.
32.Donini, S., Castagna, A., Ranieri, A. and Zocchi, G. 2009. Differential responses in pear and quince genotypes induced byFe deficiency and bicarbonate. J. Plant Physiol. 166: 1183-1196.
Journal of Plant Production Research
Volume 29, Issue 1
June 2022
Pages 1-18

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics