Optimization of planting density and integrated weed management of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Moghan region, Ardabil province

Document Type : scientific research article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student of Weed Science, Dept. of Genetic and Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

2 Professor, Dept. of Genetic and Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

3 Corresponding Author, Plant Protection Research Dept., Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, AREEO, Moghan, Iran.

4 Crop and Horticultural Science Research Dept., Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Moghan, Iran.

Abstract

Background and Objective: In order to provide food for the growing world population, it is necessary to increase agricultural production significantly. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an annual shrub plant native to tropical and subtropical regions cultivated in 109 countries due to its oil and seed protein quality. Weeds cause significant damage to crops and using integrated management programs is the best method to eliminate these plants. This method emphasizes the correct use of all eradication, prevention, and control methods, including agronomic, physical, mechanical, biological, and chemical control, to reduce the damage caused by weeds.

Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in 2012 and 2013 in a split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Ardabil Province (Moghan) in order to evaluate the effect of planting arrangement in combination with weeding, herbicides, & cover crops on weed control & peanut yield. The main plots included the type of planting arrangement (single row, parallel double row & zigzag double row) on a 75 cm ridge & subplots, 7 levels of weed management including (planting cover crops 1- Crimson clover & 2- Flowering vetch, 3- Application of the herbicide combination bentazone + supergallant, 4- Weeding once (20 days after planting), 5- Weeding twice (20 & 40 days after planting), 6- Weeding all season of weeds & 7- Control without the use of cover crops and without the use of herbicides.

Results: The results of the experiment showed that the density & biomass of weeds, grain yield, & the amount of amino acids lysine, methionine, palmitic acid, stearic acid, & oleic acid in peanut seeds were affected by the experimental treatments. The lowest weed density & biomass were obtained in the zigzag double-row planting arrangement & the treatments of double weeding & vetch cover crop cultivation, & the highest weed density & biomass were obtained in the single-row planting arrangement & the control condition without control. The highest peanut seed yield was obtained in the zigzag double-row planting arrangement & different levels of weeding, & then in the cover crop treatments of vetch, clover, & herbicide application, & the lowest values of the mentioned traits were obtained in the single-row planting arrangement & the control condition without control. The highest levels of lysine & methionine in the grain were obtained in the treatments of full-season weeding & the arrangement of parallel single-row & double-row planting. The highest levels of palmitic acid & oleic acid were obtained in the all-season weeding treatments & the single-row zigzag & parallel planting arrangements. The highest levels of stearic acid were obtained in the all-season weeding treatments & the zigzag planting arrangement.

Conclusion: Considering the conditions of the Moghan region, the zigzag planting arrangement & weeding twice will be the best option for controlling peanut weeds. However, in case of a shortage of labor for weeding, the use of a mixture of bentazone & supergallant herbicides is recommended as the next priority.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

1.United Nations. (2022). World Population Prospects. Retrieved from https://population.un.org/wpp/.
2.FAO. (2021). The Future of Food and Agriculture: Trends and Challenges.
3.Zhao, S. C., Lü, J. L., Xu, X. P., Lin, X. M., Luiz, M. R., Qiu, S. J., Ciampitti, I., & Ping, H. (2021). Peanut yield, nutrient uptake & nutrient requirements in different regions of China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20, 2502-2511.
4.Dinh, H., Kaewpradit, W., Jogloy, S., Vorasoot, N., & Patanothai, A. (2013). Biological nitrogen fixation of peanut genotypes with different levels of drought tolerance under mid-season drought. Sabrao Journal of Breeding & Genetics, 45, 491-503.
5.Abdzadeh-Gohari, A. (2009). Study of the effect of deficit irrigation & two irrigation methods on peanut yield & yield components. Water Research in Agriculture, 35 (1), 61-72.
6.Ghosh, D., Singh, U., Brahmachari, K., Singh, N., & Das, A. (2017). An integrated approach to weed management practices in direct-seeded rice under zero-tilled rice–wheat cropping system. International Journal of Pest Management, 63, 37-46.
7.Kumar, M., Ghosh, D., & Singh, R. (2018). Effect of crop establishment & weed management practices on growth & yield of wheat. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 50, 129-132.
8.Blair, A., Ritz, B., Wesseling, C., & Freeman, L. B. (2015). Pesticides & human health, BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
9.Powles, S. B. (2018). Herbicide resistance in plants: biology & biochemistry. CRC Press.
10.Kurstjens, D. A. (2007). Precise tillage systems for enhanced non-chemical weed management. Soil & Tillage Research, 97, 293-305.
11.Olayinka, B. U., & Etejere, E. O. (2015). Growth analysis & yield of two varieties of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as influenced by different weed control methods. Indian journal of plant physiology, 20, 130-136.
12.Korav, S., Ram, V., Ray, L. I., Krishnappa, R., Singh, N., & Premaradhya, N. (2018). Weed pressure on growth & yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Meghalaya, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology & Applied Sciences,
7, 2852-2858.
13.Johnson, H. J., Colquhoun, J. B., Bussan, A. J., & Rittmeyer, R. A. (2010). Feasibility of organic weed management in sweet corn & snap bean for processing. Weed Technology, 24, 544-550.
14.Hosseini, M., Ghorbani, R., Bazobandi, M., & Bagheri, A. (2011). Evaluation of the efficacy of different herbicides
in controlling garlic weeds (Allium Sativum). Iranian Agricultural Research, 9 (3), 463-473.
15.Grichar, W. J., Besler, B. A., & Brewer, K. D. (2004). Effect of row spacing & herbicide dose on weed control & grain sorghum yield. Crop Protection, 23, 263-267.
16.Hock, S. M., Knezevic, S. Z., Martin, A. R., & Lindquist, J. L. (2006). Soybean row spacing & weed emergence time influence weed competitiveness & competitive indices. Weed Science, 54, 38-46.
17.Uchino, H., Iwama, K., Jitsuyama, Y., Ichiyama, K., Sugiura, E., Yudate, T., Nakamura, S., & Gopal, J. (2012). Effect of interseeding cover crops & fertilization on weed suppression under an organic & rotational cropping system: 1. Stability of weed suppression over years & main crops of potato, maize & soybean. Field Crops Research, 127, 9-16.
18.Lemessa, F., & Wakjira, M. (2015). Cover crops as a means of ecological weed management in agroecosystems. Journal of Crop Science & Biotechnology, 18, 123-135.
19.Sturm, D., Peteinatos, G., & Gerhards, R. (2018). Contribution of allelopathic effects to the overall weed suppression by different cover crops. Weed Research, 58, 331-337.
20.Schonbeck, M. (2005). Cover cropping: On-farm, Solar-powered Soil Building. Virginia Association for Biological Farming Information Sheet.
21.Smith, A. N., Reberg-Horton, S. C., Place, G. T., Meijer, A. D., Arellano, C., & Mueller, J. P. (2011). Rolled rye mulch for weed suppression in organic no-tillage soybeans. Weed Science. 59, 224-231.
22.Eskandari-Torbaghan, M. (2015). The effect of seed rate on grain yield & some agronomic characteristics of rapeseed in spring cultivation under dryland conditions. Environmental Stresses in Agricultural Sciences, 8 (2), 149-158.
23.Saber-ali, S. F., Sadat-Nouri, A., Hejazi, A., & Zand, A. (2007). The effect of density & planting arrangement on the growth process & yield of corn under the influence of competition with lettuce. Research and Construction in Agriculture and Horticulture, 74, 152-143.
24.Hadizadeh, M. E., Norouzzadeh, S., & Rahimian, H. (2002). The Effect of Row Spacing & Weed-Free Periods on Cotton Yield & Yield Components. Journal of Plant Pests and Diseases, 69 (2), 171-187.
25.Qassam, A., Alizadeh, H., & Bihemta, M. R. (2011). The separate and combined effect of herbicides on weeds in corn fields (Zea mays L.) in two single-row and double-row cropping patterns. Iranian Crop Sciences, 42 (3), 493-485.
26.Jaaffar, Z., & Gardner, F. (1988). Canopy development, yield, & market quality in peanut as affected by genotype & planting pattern. Crop science, 28, 299-305.
27.Yadavi, A., Ghalavand, A., & Aghaalikhani, M. (2007). Studying the Effect of Plant Density & Planting Arrangement on Yield & Yield Components of Grain Maize Under Competition with Red-rooted Cocksfoot (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research, 5 (1), 187-199.
28.Kahrizi, D., Rostami-Ahmadvand, H., Lorestani, T., & Yari, P. (2018). Cultivation & development of the medicinal oil plant Camelina, an action towards sustainable development & environmental protection of Kermanshah province. National Conference on Sustainable Development of Kermanshah Province. Razi University of Kermanshah, 1-6.
29.Rahimi, A., Pasban-Eslam, B., & Moghaddam M. (2020). Effects of Sowing Density on Yield and Agronomic Traits of Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) in Cold and Semi-Arid Regions of Northwest
Iran. Journal: Legume Research, 43(3), 382-388. DOI: 10.18805/LR-456.
30.MacDonald, J. D., Cover, K. M., & Altieri, M. A. (2018). Winter cover crops in temperate climates: A review. Agronomy Journal, 110(4), 1210-1225. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2017.10.0600.
31.Ferre, R. E., Fellers, D. A., & Shepherd, A. D. (1969). Determination of free lysine & methionine in amino acid-fortified wheat. Agricultural Reserch, 47, 614-620.
32.Metcolf, L. C., Schmitz, A. A., & Pelka, J. R. (1966). Rapid preparation of methyl esters from lipid for gas chromatography analysis. Analytical Chem, 38, 514-530.
33.Palmer, J., Dunphy, E. J., & Reese, P. F. (2013). Managing Drought-Stress Soybeans in the Southeast. NC Cooperative Extension Service.
34.Najafi, H. (2014). Non-chemical Methods of Weed Management, Second Edition, Pak Pendar Publications. 318 pp.
35.Fischer, R., & Miles, R. (1973). The role of spatial pattern in the competition between crop plants & weeds. A theoretical analysis. Mathematical Biosciences, 18, 335-350.
36.Taghinejad, J. (2001). Types of mechanized planting arrangements for peanuts. Agricultural Education Publication. 20p.
37.Ghairtamand, M., Mousavi, S. H., & Rezadoust, S. (2015). The effect of spatial arrangement & weed management on grain yield & yield components of corn 704 (Zea mays L.). Research in Crop Plants, 3 (2), 45-34.
38.Kavousi, S., Abbasi, R., Esfandiar Farahmandfar, A., & Mansouri, A. (2015). Critical period of peanut weed damage. (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Sari region. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge & Sustainable Production, 1(1), 87-97.
39.Abdin, O., Zhou, X., Cloutier, D., Coulman, D., Faris, M., & Smith, D. (2000). Cover crops & interrow tillage for weed control in short season maize (Zea mays). European Journal of Agronomy, 12, 93-102.
40.Mostafavi-Rad, M., Noubahar, A., Gholami, M., Jahansaz, H., Akbarzadeh, A., & Adibi, Sh. (2019). Effects of two methods of seed & seedling cultivation on the growth of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) under the influence of row spacing in Rasht. Journal of Crop Production, 13, 117-130.
41.Hassanpanah, D., Akhavan, K., & Musa-Pourgarji, A. (2018). Appropriate planting arrangements in drip irrigation (type) to increase yield & water use efficiency in seed potato production fields. Journal of Applied Potato Sciences, 1 (2), 17-22.
42.Sahoo, S. K., Pradhan, J., Kuruwanshi, V., Guhey, A., Rout, G., & Dash, R. (2017). Phytotoxic effect of pre-emergence herbicides on oil content & yield components of groundnut (Arachis hypogeae). International Journal of Current Microbiology & Applied Sciences, 6, 1738-1748.
43.Hamzei, J., & Borbor, A. (2014). Effect of different soil tillage methods & cover crops on yield & yield components of corn & some soil characteristics. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture & Production Science, 24, 35-47.
44.Onat, B., Bakal, H., Gulluoglu, L., & Arıoglu, H. (2017). The effects of row spacing & plant density on yield & yield components of peanut grown as a double crop in Mediterranean environment in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 22, 71-80.
45.Basalma, D. (2008). The correlation & path analysis of yield & yield components of different winter rapeseed (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera L.) cultivars. Research Journal of Agriculture & Biological Sciences, 4, 120-125.
46.Choy, C., Stone, J., Matlock, R., & McCauley, G. (1982). Plant population & irrigation effects on Spanish peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Peanut Science, 9, 73-76.
47.Rezapour-Koishahi, T., Mostafavi-Rad, M., Seifzadeh, S., Valadabadi, A. R., & Hadidi-Masouleh, A. (2010). The response of qualitative yield & fatty acid composition of peanut oil in intercropping with corn & combined application of chemical phosphorus & biological fertilizers. Journal of Crop Production, 14 (1), 69-86.
Journal of Plant Production Research
Volume 33, Issue 2
September 2026
Pages 31-52

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics