بررسی تنوع زیستی گیاهی در یک چشم انداز کشاورزی (مطالعه موردی: دشت ناز ساری)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری اکولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

2 نویسنده مسئول، دانشیار گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

3 استاد گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

4 استاد گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.

5 دانشیار گروه مدیریت مناطق بیابانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: در طول نیم قرن گذشته، کشاورزی فشرده به طرز چشم‌گیری افزایش یافته است و چشم‌اندازهای کشاورزی به سامانه‌های تک محصولی ساده با پوشش کم، مشابه زیستگاه‌های نیمه‌طبیعی تبدیل شده است. این روند منجر به کاهش شدید تنوع زیستی و کاهش ارایه خدمات بوم‌سازگان به کشاورزی شده است. اثبات شده است که در مقایس جهانی در بین انواع خدمات بوم-سازگان، کنترل آفات و گیاهان‌هرز و گرده‌افشانی تأثیر قابل توجهی بر تولید محصولات کشاورزی جهانی دارد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تنوع زیستی گیاهی قطعات گندم، کلزا، جو و تریتیکاله در یک چشم‌انداز کشاورزی (دشت ناز ساری) انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش به صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی نامتعادل در یک چشم‌انداز کشاورزی واقع در منطقه دشت ناز ساری (استان مازندران) در سال زراعی 99-1398 اجرا شد. در این بررسی 26 مزرعه از قطعات مختلف کشت پاییزه شامل کلزا، گندم، جو و تریتیکاله انتخاب شدند و نمونه‌برداری از وضعیت تنوع زیستی گیاهی با الگوی W و با کودرات با ابعاد 5/0×5/0متر مربعی انجام شد. نمونه‌ها به آزمایشگاه تحقیقات زراعی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان منتقل شدند و فلور گیاهی به تفکیک جنس و گونه تعیین گردید. سپس شاخص‌های تنوع مختلف زیستی شامل شانون- واینر، مارگالف، منهنیک، سیمپسون، یکنواختی و سورنسون با استفاده از معادله‌های مربوطه محاسبه گردید. در انتها براساس نتایج، وضعیت تنوع زیستی در سطح چشم‌انداز کشاورزی با در نظر گرفتن وضعیت اجزای آن شامل نوع قطعات، کوریدور، حاشیه، مرز و غیره تحلیل شد.
یافته‌ها: در این بررسی 25 گونه گیاهی متعلق به 14 خانواده شناسایی شدند که 10 گونه به باریک‌برگ‌ها و 15 گونه به پهن‌برگ‌ها تعلق داشت. از بین گونه‌های شناسایی شده بیشترین فراونی را گیاهان‌هرز شلمبیک(Rapistrum rugosum)، یولاف وحشی
(Avena ludoviciana)، خونی‌واش(Phalaris minor) و کنگر صحرایی(Cirsium arvense) داشتند. نتایج نشان داد که تنوع زیستی گیاهی موجود در این چشم‌انداز براساس شاخص شانون- واینر در وضعیت مطلوب قرار دارد، بطوری‌که این شاخص در قطعات تریتیکاله، جو، کلزا و گندم به ترتیب 64/2، 52/2، 39/2 و 38/2 برآورد شد. محاسبه شاخص‌ تنوع گونه‌ای منهنیک برای قطعات پاییزه کلزا، جو، گندم و تریتیکاله به ترتیب 86/2، 85/2، 45/2، 32/2 بدست آمد. همچنین بیشترین میزان شاخص تنوع گونه‌ای سیمپسون در مزارع کلزا، جو، گندم و تریتیکاله به ترتیب 068/0 ، 047/0 ، 070/0 و 052/0 بود. براساس نتایج بیشترین شباهت بر اساس شاخص سورنسون به ترتیب مربوط به قطعات تریتیکاله (1)، جو (95/0)، گندم (95/0) و کلزا (93/0) بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: بطورکلی نتایج نشان داد مصرف کود دامی در برخی از قطعات چشم انداز، قرارگیری نهرهای آب و زمین‌های بایر در حاشیه قطعات و نیز وجود کریدوری از درختان به عنوان بادشکن، توانست بر وضعیت تنوع زیستی چشم‌انداز مورد مطالعه تاثیرگذار باشد. نتایج به دست آمده از این مطالعه می‌تواند در ایجاد یک برنامه مدیریت جامع گیاهان‌هرز و تصمیم‌گیری در مورد انتخاب روش کنترل و یا بهبود ارایه خدمات بوم‌سازگانی توسط تنوع زیستی گیاهی مفید باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of plant biodiversity in an agricultural landscape (Case study: Dasht-e- Naz, Sari)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mostafa Koozehgar kaleji 1
  • Hossein Kazemi 2
  • Behnam Kamkar 3
  • Hamid Amirnezhad 4
  • Mohsen Hosseinalizadeh 5
1 Ph.D. Student in Crop Ecology, Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3 Professor, Dept. of Agrotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
4 Professor, Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran
5 Associate Prof., Dept. of Arid Zone Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background: Over the past half century, intensive agriculture has increased dramatically, and agricultural landscapes have changed to simple with low cover as single crop systems similar to semi-natural habitats. This trend has led to a sharp decline in biodiversity and a reduction in the provision of ecosystem services to agriculture. It has been confirmed that among ecosystem services, pest and weed control and pollination have significant impacts on global agricultural production. This study aimed to investigate the plant biodiversity of wheat, rapeseed, barley and triticale ecosystems in an agricultural landscape (Dasht-e- Naz Sari).
Materials and methods: This experiment was carried ou as unbalanced completely randomized design in an agricultural landscape located in Dasht-e- Naz, Sari (Mazandaran province), during crop year 2019-2020. In this study, 26 farms were selected from different parts of autumn crops (rapeseed, wheat, barley and triticale). Sampling of plant biodiversity was performed based on W pattern with 0.5 × 0.5 m2 quadrate. The samples were transferred to the agronomical research laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and the flora was determined by genus and species. Then, bidiversity indices including Shannon-Weiner, Margalef, Menhinick, Simpson, Uniformity and Sorenson were calculated using the related equations. In final, based on the results, biodiversity status in the agricultural landscape was analyzed acorrding to status of landscape components including the type ecosystems, corridor, border, etc.
Results: In this study, 25 plant species from 14 plant families were identified that 10 species belonged to narrow-leaved and 15 species belonged to broad-leaved. Among the identified species, Rapistrum rugosum, Avena ludoviciana, Phalaris minor and Cirsium arvense were the most abundant. The results showed that the plant biodiversity in this landscape was in a favorable condition based on Shannon-Weiner index, so that this index for triticale, barley, rapeseed and wheat plots were 2.64, 2.52 and 2.39 and 2.38, respectively. The amount of Menhinick index for autumn crops of rapeseed, barley, wheat and triticale was as 2.86, 2.85, 2.45 and 2.32, respectively. Also, the highest Simpson index for rapeseed, barley, wheat and triticale plots was equal 0.068, 0.047, 0.070 and 0.052, respectively. Based on our results, the highest similarities according to Sorenson index were related to triticale (1), barley (0.95), wheat (0.95) and rapeseed (0.93), respectively.
Conclusion: In general, the consumption of manure in some plots, the location of streams and barren lands in the margins of the plots and corridor of trees as windbreak, could affect on biodiversity of the surveyed landscape. The results of this study can be useful for comprehensive weed management program and making decision about control or improve ecosystem services through plant biodiversity.
Keywords: Agricultural landscape, Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Agricultural landscape
  • Biodiversity
  • Ecosystem Services
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