Evaluation of Antifungal Effect of Thyme and Peppermint Essential Oils and Their Major Monoterpenes in Controlling Verticillium Fungus on Pistachios

Document Type : scientific research article

Authors

1 Corresponding Author, Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Semnan Province (Shahrood), AREEO, Shahrood, Iran

2 Food Technology Research Department, Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Semnan Province (Shahrood), AREEO, Shahrood, Iran

3 Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Semnan Province (Shahrood), AREEO, Shahrood, Iran

4 . Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Semnan Province (Shahrood), AREEO, Shahrood, Iran

Abstract

Background and purpose: Wilt disease caused by the pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae is one of the dangerous factors threatening the cultivation of pistachio trees in the country, which has spread in different parts of the country in the last two decades, including Semnan province. Lack of suitable fungicides to control V. dahliae and continuous use of several common fungicides in the country has contributed to the spread of the fungus. Therefore, in the current situation, we need to use new compounds with high efficiency to control this pathogenic fungus. Plant essential oils and their monoterpene compounds are considered as one of the important options due to the comparative advantage of the production of medicinal plants in the country.
Materials and Methods: In this study, V. dahliae native isolates obtained from gardens of Semnan province were used. Isolation and identification process was performed using conventional methods and isolates were identified using general ITS primer. Then, the essential oils of thyme (Zataria multiflora) and Peppermint (Mentha piperita) were used to evaluate the antifungal effect. After preparing the herbal plants, the essential oil extraction process was performed using Clevenger method. The antifungal effect was investigated by mixing with culture medium at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μg/ml. Also, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MBC) were determined for the two essential oils. Then, using thymol and carvacrol monoterpenes, antifungal effects were tested by mixing with culture medium at three concentrations of 15, 150 and 1500 μg/ml against V. dahliae.
Results: Isolation and identification tests confirmed the presence of V. dahliae in the sampled areas. The use of ITS primer confirmed the fungal species V. dahliae. The results of antifungal effect showed that both essential oils were effective in preventing the growth of fungi, but Zataria multiflora essential oil was evaluated as stronger, so that in the third week, growth was observed only at a concentration of 20 μg/ml, but in the case of peppermint essential oil, fungus growth was observed in all concentrations. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum fungicidal (MFC( concentrations were 20 and 30 μg/ml for thyme and 100 and 150 μg/ml for peppermint essential oils, respectively. In addition, the results showed that thymol was more potent than carvacrol in preventing the growth of V. dahliae.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that plant essential oils and monoterpene compounds of essential oils had a very high ability to control Verticillium fungus, so that compared to common fungicides in the country, their inhibitory concentration was 10 to 15 times lower

Keywords

References

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Journal of Plant Production Research
Volume 29, Issue 2
August 2022
Pages 183-199

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