اثر الگوی کشت و سطوح مختلف کود دامی بر شاخص‌های رقابتی و عملکرد سیر (Allium sativum L.) و اسفناج (Spinacia oleracea L.)

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه پیام نور

2 گروه زراعت، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

3 گروه زراعت دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کشت مخلوط، عملیات کشت دو یا چند گیاه زراعی در یک قطعه زمین در طی یک فصل زراعی می‌باشد که هدف عمده آن، مطابقت نیازهای گیاهی با منابع رشدی در دسترس و نیروی کارگری است. مهمترین سودمندی کشت مخلوط، تولید عملکرد بالاتر در قطعه معینی از زمین با بهره‌گیری از ویژگی‌های متعدد گیاهان زراعی نظیر ساختار پوشش گیاهی، قابلیت توسعه ریشه، ارتفاع، نیازهای غذایی و به تبع آن، استفاده کارا از منابع رشدی ذکر شده است. تحقیقات نشان می‌دهد که در الگوهای تک‌کشتی و مخلوط، واکنش هر یک از گیاهان به انواع منابع کودی متفاوت است. هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی اثر نوع الگوی کشت و سطوح مختلف کود دامی بر توان رقابتی و خصوصیات زراعی دو گیاه زراعی سیر و اسفناج بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 91- 1390 انجام شد. تیمارهای مورد بررسی شامل سه سطح کود دامی ( 0، 10 و 20 تن در هکتار) در کرت‌های اصلی و شش نوع الگوی کشت (تک‌کشتی سیر، تک‌کشتی اسفناج و کشت مخلوط ردیفی سیر و اسفناج با نسبت‌های 1:1، 2:2، 3:3 و4:4) در کرت‌های فرعی بود. صفات مورد بررسی شامل ارتفاع، وزن تر و خشک اسفناج و سیر، نسبت نور در قسمت تحتانی به فوقانی پوشش گیاهی و شاخص های نسبت برابری زمین، ضریب تهاجم و نسبت رقابت در کشت های مخلوط بود.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش سطح کود دامی تا 20 تن در هکتار، وزن تر اسفناج به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت، ولی این روند در رابطه با وزن خشک اسفناج مشاهده نشد. با تغییر الگوی کشت نیز وزن تر و خشک اسفناج به‌طور معنی‌داری تحت تأثیر قرار گرفت. بیشترین وزن تر و وزن خشک اسفناج به‌ترتیب در الگوهای کشت مخلوط 4:4 سیر و اسفناج و تک‌کشتی اسفناج مشاهده شد. بررسی اثر متقابل الگوی کشت و کود دامی نشان داد که بیشترین وزن تر و خشک اسفناج به ترتیب در الگوهای کشت 1:1 و 4:4 سیر و اسفناج تحت شرایط اعمال 20 تن در هکتار کود دامی حاصل شد. کمترین وزن خشک اسفناج نیز مربوط به الگوی ردیفی 3:3 سیر و اسفناج با اعمال 20 تن در هکتار کود دامی بود. وزن تر و خشک سیر، تحت تأثیر معنی‌دار سطوح مختلف کودی قرار نگرفت، اما نوع الگوی کشت بر وزن تر و خشک سیر تأثیر معنی‌داری داشت. بیشترین وزن تر و خشک سیر در الگوی تک‌کشتی سیر تحت شرایط عدم اعمال کود حاصل شد. نتابج نشان داد که شاخص نسبت برابری زمین در کلیه الگوهای کشت مخلوط، بیشتر از یک بود که این امر، نشان از برتری الگوهای مخلوط مورد بررسی نسبت به تک کشتی هر یک از اجزاء داشت.
نتیجه گیری: به طور کلی، بیشترین مقدار شاخص های نسبت برابری زمین، نسبت رقابت و ضریب تهاجم و کمترین مقدار نسبت نور در قسمت تحتانی به فوقانی پوشش گیاهی در تیمار تلفیقی الگوی کشت مخلوط 1:1 سیر و اسفناج در شرایط اعمال 20 تن در هکتار کود دامی حاصل شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of cropping pattern and manure rates on competitive indices and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ghorbanali Asadi 2
  • Reza Ghorbani 3
  • Surur Khorramdel 3
2 Department of Agronomy, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
3 Department of Agronomy, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives
Intercropping is cultivation of two or more crops in a land in a growing season that the important goal of this is optimal use of growth resources and labors. The most important advanteges of intercropping is higher yield in a certain land by using the various traits such as canopy structure, the ability of root development, height, nutritional needs and efficient use of growth resources. The studies show that the responses of plant species were different in intercropping and monoculture cropping systems. The present research aimed to investigate the planting pattern and different levels of manure on competitive power and agronomic traits of garlic and spinach.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted as split plot based on completely randomized block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during growing season of 2011-2012. The treatments were manure rates at three levels (0, 10 and 20 ton.ha-1) in main plots and 6 cropping systems (garlic and spinach monocultures and garlic-spinach intercropping with 1:1, 2:2, 3:3 and 4:4 ratio) in sub plots. Studied traits were included in height, fresh and dry weight of spinach and garlic, Land Equivalent Ratio, Aggressivity Coefficient and Competition Ratio.

Results
The results indicated that with increasing manure level to 20 ton per hectare, spinach fresh weight increased, significantly but this trend wasn’t observed in spinach dry weight. Also with changing cropping pattern, dry and fresh weight of spinach was affected, significantly. The highest dry and fresh weight of spinach was observed in garlic and spinach intercropping with 4:4 ratio. The investigation of interaction effect of planting pattern and manure showed that the highest fresh and dry weight of spinach were obtained in garlic and spinach intercropping with 1:1 and 4:4 ratio under 20 ton per hectare manure, respectively. The lowest spinach dry weight was in garlic and spinach intercropping with 3:3 ratio under 20 ton per hectare manure. Garlic dry and fresh weight wasn’t affected by manure rates, but cropping pattern affected dry and fresh weight of garlic, significantly. The highest fresh and dry weight of garlic was obtained in garlic monoculture without manure.In studied intercropping systems, land equivalent ratio (LER) was more of one. The highest LER was obtained in intercropping with 3:3 ratio without manure
Conclusions
In general, the best treatment for Aggressivity Coefficient, Competition Ratio and Land Equivalent Ratio was obtained in garlic and spinach intercropping with 1:1 ratio and 20 ton per hectare manure.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dry weight
  • Intercropping
  • Land Equivalent Ratio (LER)
  • Monoculture
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