اثر زمان برداشت، نیتروژن و تراکم کاشت بر عملکرد و برخی صفات فیزیولوژیکی گیاه دارویی پونه معطر (.Mentha pulegium L)

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان

2 استادیار گروه علوم باغبانی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان

3 دانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان

4 استادیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: پونه معطر از جمله گیاهان خانواده نعناعیان است که هم بصورت سبزی و هم به عنوان گیاه دارویی مصارف متعددی دارد. این گیاه به حالت وحشی در دشت‌های مرطوب و حاشیه جریان‌های آب، حتی داخل آب رشد کرده و غالباً در نواحی مرکزی، جنوبی و غربی آسیا، شمال آفریقا، اتیوپی و جزایر قناری می‌روید. پراکنش این گیاه در ایران در دامنه‌‌های البرز، شمال و شمال شرقی کشور گزارش شده است. بخش‌های هوایی این گیاه به عنوان مواد دارویی و طعم‌دهنده در صنایع غذایی استفاده می‌شود. هدف از این پژوهش حاضر دستیابی به بهترین تیمار کود نیتروژنه، زمان برداشت و تراکم کشت برای گیاه پونه در منطقه رشت بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. کرت اصلی زمان برداشت (در دو زمان برداشت)، کرت فرعی شامل نیتروژن در چهار سطح (شاهد (بدون کود)، 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار) و کرت فرعی فرعی شامل تراکم بوته در سه سطح (10، 14 و 18 بوته در مترمربع) بودند که بر روی صفات عملکردی و برخی صفات فیزیولوژیکی بررسی شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که اثرات متقابل نیتروژن، تراکم کاشت و زمان برداشت بر عملکرد خشک اندام هوایی معنی‌داری بود. بیشترین وزن خشک (1909 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار به همراه تراکم 18 بوته در مترمربع در برداشت اول حاصل شد، و کمترین مقدار (66/396 کیلوگرم درهکتار) هم در تیمار کودی 50 کیلوگرم با تراکم 10 بوته در مترمربع در دومین برداشت بدست آمد. اما درمورد عملکرد تر و سطح برگ نیز اثر متقابل نیتروژن در تراکم کاشت معنی‌دار بود و بیشترین مقدار عملکرد تر(8071 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به تیمار 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن با تراکم 18 بوته در مترمربع بود. در خصوص صفات فیزیولوژیک نتایج نشان داد که تیمارهای اعمال شده دارای اثرات معنی‌داری بر میزان درصد اسانس، کلروفیل کل، فنل کل و عناصر نیتروژن و کلسیم داشتند. در این زمینه، بیشترین درصد اسانس (66/2 درصد) مربوط به تیمار نیتروژن 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار با تراکم کاشت 10 بوته در مترمربع بود. همچنین عملکرد اسانس تحت تأثیر اثر متقابل زمان برداشت در تراکم کاشت قرار داشت که بیشترین مقدار هم مربوط به تیمار تراکم 18 بوته در مترمربع در زمان برداشت اول با مقدار 075/25665 میلی‌لیتر در هکتار بود.
نتیجه گیری: از آنجا که در این پژوهش بهترین تیمار زمان برداشت اول و نیتروژن 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار و تراکم 18 بوته در مترمربع بود کاربرد چنین برنامه‌ای برای کاشت گیاه پونه معطر قابل پیشنهاد است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of harvest time, nitrogen and plant density on yield and some physiological traits of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Babolah Faraji 1
  • Amir Sahraroo 2
  • Yousef Hamidoghli 3
  • Jamal-Ali Olfati 4
1 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan
2 Assistant Professor Professor of Horticultural Science Department, University of Guilan
3 Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.), Labiatae family, is widely used as a vegetable and medicinal herb. This plant commonly grows in the wet soils such as ditches, riversides and ponds. It is indigenous to the Central, Southern and Western Asia, North Africa, Ethiopia and the Canary Islands. It can also be found in Alborz, North and Northeast regions of Iran. The aerial parts of the plant are used as pharmaceutical and flavoring substances. The aim of this research was to find the best level of nitrogen fertilizer regime, harvesting time and plant density for pennyroyal plant in Rasht area.
Materials and methods: This study was conducted as a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan. The main plots included two harvesting times, the subplots were four levels of Nitrogen fertilizer including control (without fertilizer), 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 Nitrogen and the sub-subplots were plant density at 3 levels; 10, 14 and 18 plants m-2.
Results: The results showed that triple interaction of nitrogen, plant density and harvest time had significant effect on dry weight. The highest dry weight (1909 kg ha-1) were obtained by 150 kg ha-1 net nitrogen with the density of 18 plants per m2 for the first harvest. Moreover, 50 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer treatment with 10 plants per m2 showed lowest amount of dry weight (396.66 kg ha-1) in the second harvest time. However, the interaction of nitrogen and planting density revealed significant effect on fresh yield and leaf area. The highest yield (8071 kg ha-1) was related to 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen treatment with the density of 18 plants m-2. About physiological traits, the results claimed that treatments significantly affected the essential oil percentage, total chlorophyll, total phenol, nitrogen and calcium elements. The highest essential oil content (2.66%) was exhibited by the treatment of 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen with plant density of 10 plants m-2. In addition, the essential oil yield was also influenced by the interaction effect of harvest time and planting density. The highest yield (25665/075 milliliters ha-1) was found by the plant density of 18 plants m-2 from the first harvesting time.
Conclusion: Finally, according to our results, the best treatment was first harvesting time, 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen with the density of 18 plants m-2, which can be recommended for the planting program of aromatic pennyroyal.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biomass
  • essential oil yield
  • total phenol

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پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 26، شماره 3
آبان 1398
صفحه 121-136

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