بررسی راهکارهای زراعی تراکم بوته و سطح کود نیتروژن بر تولید کلزای پاییزه (Brassica napus L.) در شرایط تداخل با جمعیت علف‌ هرز ارشته خطایی (Lepyrodiclis holosteoides Fenzl.)

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد شناسایی علف‌های هرز، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران،

2 دانشیار گروه زراعت، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

3 مربی گروه زراعت، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

4 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی همدان، همدان، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: مدیریت کلزا برای تولید عملکرد بالای دانه همراه با کیفیت مطلوب، مستلزم توجه دقیق به ارزیابی وضعیت تغذیه‌ای گیاه به خصوص مقدار نیتروژن طی فصل رشد، تعیین تراکم مطلوب و کنترل علف‌های هرز می‌باشد. یکی دیگر از عوامل مهم مدیریت زراعی جهت دستیابی به عملکرد بالا در کلزا، کنترل علف‌های هرز می‌باشد. عدم وجود علف‌کش‌های اختصاصی برای کنترل علف‌های هرز در این محصول سبب خسارت هنگفت به این محصول کلزا شده است. علف هرز ارشته خطایی به عنوان یکی از علف‌های هرز مهاجم در چند سال اخیر در مزارع کلزا شایع شده است. با وجود گسترش سریع این علف هرز در کشور تاکنون پژوهشی در ارتباط با رقابت آن با کلزا نشده است. لذا این آزمایش با هدف بررسی اثرات مقادیر نیتروژن و تراکم کلزا در شرایط رقابت با علف هرز ارشته خطایی انجام شد.
مواد و روش: این آزمایش در سال زراعی 95-1394 در مزرعه پژوهشی مرکز آموزش عالی امام خمینی کرج انجام شد. آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل مقدار نیتروژن از منبع کودی اوره (46 درصد نیتروژن) در چهار سطح صفر، 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار، تراکم کلزا در دو سطح 70 و 90 بوته در متر مربع و تراکم علف هرز ارشته خطایی در چهار سطح صفر، 5، 10 و 15 بوته در متر مربع بود.
یافته‌ها: مقایسه میانگین اثر متقابل تراکم کلزا و سطوح نیتروژن نشان داد که بیشترین تعداد خورجین در بوته، تعداد دانه در خورجین و عملکرد دانه، در تراکم کلزا 90 بوته در متر مربع با مصرف 100 و 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار بدست آمد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که در تراکم‌های 5، 10 و 15 بوته در متر مربع علف هرز ارشته خطایی، به‌ترتیب 11، 19 و 32 درصد در تراکم کلزای 70 بوته و به‌ترتیب 5، 9 و 14 درصد در تراکم کلزای 90 بوته در متر مربع سبب کاهش عملکرد دانه کلزا نسبت به تیمار عدم حضور علف هرز شد. نتایج اثر سطوح نیتروژن و تراکم علف هرز ارشته خطایی نشان داد که بیشترین عملکرد دانه با 3335 کیلوگرم در هکتار در تیمار 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار و بدون حضور ارشته خطایی بدست آمد که با حضور 5، 10 و 15 بوته در متر مربع از این علف هرز عملکرد دانه به‌ترتیب 8، 14 و 28 درصد کاهش نشان داد.
نتیجه‌گیری: بطورکلی نتایج نشان داد که در هر دو تراکم کلزا با افزایش کود نیتروژن تا 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار علاوه بر بهبود عملکرد دانه و اجزای عملکرد سبب افزایش توان رقابتی کلزا در مقابل علف هرز مهاجم ارشته خطایی خواهد شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Agronomical strategy of plant density and nitrogen on winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) yield in interference with Lepyrpdiclis (Lepyrodiclis holosteoides Fenzl.) population

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Vahidpour 1
  • Faezeh Zaefarian 2
  • Irandokht Mansouri 3
  • Shahram Nazari 4
1 M.Sc. Student of Weed Science, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran,
2 Associate Prof., Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
3 Instructor, Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran,
4 Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Rapeseed management for achieving maximum grain yield and quality is dependent on monitoring nutritional status of plant specially nitrogen accessibility during growth season, determining optimum density and controlling weeds. One important factor in crop management is the control of weeds in order to achieve high yield in canola. The absence of special herbicides for controlling weeds in this product has caused great damage to this product of rapeseedIn recent years, Lepyrodiclis (Lepyrodiclis holosteoides Fenzl.) has been privilege in rapeseed fields as an invasive weed. Despite rapid privilege of this invasive weed there is no research record on evaluating the competitive potential of Lepyrodiclis with rapessed in Iran. Current research was conducted to assessing competitive potential of Lepyrodiclis with rapessed under different nitrogen regimes and density levels.
Materials and methods: A factorial experiment was laid out based on RCBD design with three replications in research field of higher education center of Imam Khomeyni in Karaj during 2015-2016 cropping year. Rapeseed was planted by hand and dried in a depth of 2 cm on September, Each plot consisted of six cultivars with a length of six meters and a line spacing of 30 cm. Simultaneously with the planting of rapeseed, the seeds of the mixed seedlings with soft sand were zigzagged on the sides of the rapeseed cultivating lines with respect to the desired densities. With the exception of weed Lepyrodiclis, weeds were continuously weaved with hands. Treatments were consist of nitrogen in form of urea (%46 nitrogen) in four levels 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1, rapeseed density in two levels 70 and 90 plants per m2 and Lepyrodiclis density in four levels zero, 5, 10 and 15 plants per m2.
Results: Interactive effects of rapeseed density and nitrogen levels indicated that maximum pod per plant, grain per pod and grain yield were obtained when rapeseed density was 90 plants per m2 and 100 and 150 kg N ha-1 were applied. Interactive effects of rapeseed Lepyrodiclis and nitrogen levels revealed that the highest grain yield (3335 kg ha-1) was observed in 150 kg N ha-1 treatment in absence of Lepyrodiclis. Rapeseed grain yield showed 8, 14 and 28% reduction as Lepyrodiclis density increased to 5, 10 and 15 plants per m2 respectively.
Conclusion: It could be concluded that up to 100 kg per ha-1 nitrogen application and 90 plants per m2 rapeseed density not only can improve the grain yield and yield components of rapeseed but also can enhance the competitive ability of rapeseed against Lepyrodiclis.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Grain yield
  • Harvest index
  • Number of pod in plant
  • Weed

مراجع

1.Akbari, GH.A., Irannezhad, H., Hoseinzadeh, K., Zand, E., Hejazi, A. and Bayat, A.A. 2010. Effect of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) interference on yield and growth index of canola (Brassica napus L.). Field Crop. Sci. 41: 2. 329-343. (In Persian)
2.Ali, M.H., Rahman, A.M.M.D. and Ullah, M.J. 1990. Effect of plant populationand nitrogen on yield and oil content
of rapeseed. Indian J. Agric Sci.60: 347-349.
3.Allen, E.J. and Morgan, D.J. 1972. A quantitative analysis of the effects of nitrogen on the growth, development and yield of oilseed rape. J. Agric Sci. Cambridge. 78: 315-324.
4.Anafjeh, Z., Fathi, G., Alami-Saeid, Kh., Zand, E. and Chaab, A. 2009. Response of canola (Brassica napus L.) to plant densities of mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) with emphasis on agronomic control.J. Crop Sci. 11: 2. 109-122. (In Persian)
5.Anderson, P. and Wilent, W.G. 1993.The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on yield and oil contentof Brassica napus L. Indian J. Agron.34: 117-122.
6.Bahrani, M.J. and Babaei, G.H. 2007. Effect of different levels of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and its components and some quality traits in two sesame (Sesameum indicum L.) cultivars. J. Crop Sci. 9: 3. 237-245.
(In Persian)
7.Bakhshandeh, E., Ghadiryan, R., Galeshi, G. and Soltani, E. 2011. Modellingthe effects water stress and temperature on seed germination of soybean (Glycine max L.) and velvetleaf (Abutilion thephrasti med.). J. Plant Prod. 18: 29-48. (In Persian)
8.Bani Saeidi, A.K. and Modhaj, A. 2009. Evaluate the effects of different levels of nitrogen and plant density on yield and yield components of Brassica napusat the Ahvaz environmental conditions. Quarterly. J. Plant Prod Sci. 4: 57-66.(In Persian)
9.Blackshaw, R.E., Lemerle, D. and Young, K. 2002. Influence of wild radish onyield and quality of canola. Weed Sci.
50: 344-349.
10.Chaab, A., Bakhshandeh, A., Zand, E., Ebrahimpour, F., Shafeinia, A. and Anafjeh, Z. 2010. Effect of competition of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) on yield and yield components of canola (Brassica napus L.) in pot and field conditions. Elec. J. Crop Prod. 3: 2. 33-48. (In Persian)
11.Cheema, M.A., Malik, M.A., Shah, S.H. and Basra, S.M.A. 2001. Effect of time and rate of nitrogen and phosphorus application on the growth and the seed and oil yields of canola (Brassica napus). J. Agron. Crop Sci. 186: 311-316.
12.Diepenbrock, W. 2000. Yield analysis of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) a review. Field. Crop Res. 67: 35-49.
13.Eilkaee, M. and Emam, Y. 2003. The effect of plant density on yield and yield components of two winter rapeseed cultivar (Brassica napus L.). Iran. Agric. Sci. 34: 3. 509-515. (In Persian)
14.FAOSTAT. 2018. Statistical databases and data sets of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx.
15.Farooq, M., Bakhtiar, M., Ilyas, N., Khatir, U., Hussain, P., Kakar, K., Khan, M.R., Shah, S. and Ullad, N. 2018. Sulfur and nitrogen management for improving yield and yield attributes of canola (Brassica napus L.). Int. J. Fauna Biol. Stud. 5: 3. 179-185.
16.Ghanbari, A., Mijani, S. and Hosainabadi, R. 2012. Investigation of salinity and osmotic stress on seed germination of Lepyrodiclis and germination recovery after salinity stress. 4th Iranian Weed Science Congress, Ahvaz, Iran. Pp: 408-411.
(In Persian)
17.Hamzei, J., Seyedi, M. and Babaei, M. 2015. Effect of density and nitrogen on seed quantity and quality of winter rapeseed in Hamedan conditions. Elec. J. Crop Prod. 8: 1. 143-159. (In Persian)
18.Hocking, P.J., Kirkegaard, J.A., Angus, J.F., Gibson, A.H. and Koetz, E.A. 1997. Comparison of canola, Indian mustard and Linola in two contrasting environments. I. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on dry-matter production, seed yield and seed quality. Field Crop Res. 49: 2-3. 107-125.
19.Holmes, M.R.J. 1980. Nutrition of the Oilseed Rape Crop. England: Applied Sci. Pub. Barking Essex. Nitrogen.
Pp: 21-67.
20.Hopkins, W.G. 2004. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and Sons. New York. 557p.
21.Kazemeini, S.A., Hamzehzarghani, H. and Edalat, M. 2010a. The impact of nitrogen and organic matter on winter canola seed yield and yield components. Australian J. Crop Sci. 4: 335-342.
22.Kazemeini, S.A., Edalat, M., Shekoofa, A. and Hamidi, R. 2010b. Effects of nitrogen and plant density on rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) yield and yield components in Southern Iran. J. Appl. Sci. 10: 14. 1461-1465.
23.Koocheki, A.R., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Moradi, R. and Mansouri, H. 2013. Optimization of water, nitrogen and density in canola cultivation by central composite design. J. Agroecol. 3: 1. 1-16. (In Persian)
24.Leach, J.E., Stevenson, H.J., Rainbow, A.J. and Mullen, L.A. 1999. Effects of high plant populations on the growth and yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus). J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 132: 173-180.
25.Leon, J. and Becker, H.C. 1995. Rapeseed-genetics. In: Diepenbrock, W., Becker, H.C. (Eds.), Physiological Potentials for Yield Improvement of Annual Oil and Protein Crops. Blackwell Science, Berlin, Vienna,Pp: 53-80.
26.Lloveras, J., Manent, J., Viudas, J., Lopez, A. and Santiveri, P. 2004. Seeding rate influence on yield and yield components of irrigated winter wheatin a Mediterranean climate. Agron. J.96: 1258-1265.
27.Majd, S. and Emam, Y. 2013. Effects of cycocel and nitrogen applicationon yield and yield components of autumn-grown oilseed rape at different plant densities. J. Crop Prod. Proc.3: 7. 123-132. (In Persian)
28.Majnoun Hosseini, N., Alizadeh, H.M. and Malek Ahmadi, H. 2006. Effect of plant density and nitrogen rate on the competitive ability of canola (Brassica napus) against weeds. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 8: 281-291. (In Persian)
29.Malek Ahmadi, H., Alizadeh, H., Majnoum Hosseini, N. and Shirani Rad, A.H. 2010. Effects of planting density and nitrogen application rate on yield and some morphological traits of winter Canola (Brassica napus L.). J. Field Crop Sci. 40: 4. 173-182. (In Persian)
30.Mendham, N.J., Shipway, P.A. and Scott, R.K. 1981. The effect of delayed sowing and weather on growth, development and yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus). J. Agri Sci. Camb. 96: 389-416.
31.Minbashi Moeeni, M. 2011. Preparation of weed species distribution of Iran wheat fields with GIS. Res Report. Iranian Res. Institute Plant Protec.(In Persian)
32.Momoh, E.J.J. and Zhou, W. 2001. Growth and yield responses to plant density and stage of transplanting in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). J. Agron. Crop Sci. 186: 4. 253-259.
33.Mosavi, K., Nasiri Mahallati, M., Rahimian, H., Ghanbari, A., Banaian, M. and Rashed Mohasel, M.H. 2002. Seed rate and nitrogen fertilizer effects on wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) competition. J. Crop Sci. 11: 218-224. (In Persian)
34.Naderi, R. and Ghadiri, H. 2011. Competition of wild mustard (Sinapis arvense L.) densities with rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under different Levels of nitrogen fertilizer. J. Agri Sci. Technol. 13: 45-51.
35.Pourazer, R. 2006. Control of weed in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by chemical and mechanical methods.P 64-68. The 1st Iranian Weed Science Congress. 25-26 Jan. Tehran, Iran.(In Persian)
36.Qayyum, S.M., Ansari, A.H., Sohu, M.I., Arain, N.A. and Arian, M.A.1991. Influence of nitrogen levelson the growth and yield of rape (Brassica napus L.). J. Agri Res. Lahore. 29: 4. 473-480.
37.Rabiee, M., Tosi, P. and Esfahani, M. 2014. Effect of concentration and time of foliar spraying of nitrogen fertilizer in term of supplement soil nutrition on remobilization of dry mater, seed yield and oil of canola. J. Crop Prod. Proc.
4: 11. 53-65. (In Persian)
38.Rashid, R., Karim, F. and Hasanuzzaman, M. 2007. Response of repeseed (Brassica napus L.) different nitrogen doses and number weeding. Middle-East J. Sci. Res. 2: 3-4. 146-150.
39.Rathke, G.W., Behrens, T. and Diepenbrock, W. 2006. Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield, oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): a review. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 117: 80-108.
40.Rathke, G.W., Christen, O. and Diepenbrock, W. 2005. Effects of nitrogen source and rate on productivity and quality of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) grown in different crop rotations. Field Crop Res.94: 2-3. 103-113.
41.Shfi, U., Munsif, F., Ali, A., Alam,J.E., Khan, S., Kakar, H.A., Farhad, S. and Jalal, R. 2018. Effect of nitrogen and sulfur on weed infestation and rapeseed productivity. Pure. Appl. Biol. 7: 1. 321-329.
42.Singh, Y. and Singh, M. 1991. Effect of sowing time, spacing and N levelson yield of mustard. Indian J. Agron.36: 429-440.
43.Soleymani, F., Ahmadvand, G. and Saadatian, B. 2013. The effect of nitrogen levels and wild mustard densities on yield and economic threshold of canola. Elec. J. Crop Prod. 4: 3. 85-102. (In Persian)
44.Tayo, T.O. and Morgan, D.G. 1979. Quantitative analysis of the growth, development and distribution of flowers and pods in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). J. Agric. Sci. 85: 103-110.
45.Yaghoubi, S.R., Aghaalikhani, M., Ghelavand, A. and Zand, E. 2011. Investigation of herbicide-nitrogen interaction on wheat yield and yield components in competition with Lepyrodiclis holosteoides Fenzl. Iranian J. Weed Sci. 7: 1. 13-31. (In Persian)
46.Yousaf, N. and Ahmad, A. 2002. Effect of different planting densities on the grain yield of canola varieties. J. Plant Sci. 4: 322-333.
پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 27، شماره 2
شهریور 1399
صفحه 19-42

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار