تنش شوری ملایم و تاثیر آن بر افزایش ظرفیت حفظ آب برگ گیاهان کشت بافتی گردوی ایرانی در طول پسابیدگی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی‌ارشد گروه علوم باغبانی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 استاد گروه علوم باغبانی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

3 استادیار گروه علوم باغبانی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: با توجه به اینکه گیاهان کشت بافتی به مدت طولانی در درون شیشه در شرایط محیطی غیرمعمول قرار می‌گیرند، این شرایط متفاوت (رطوبت نسبی بالا، غلظت کم CO2 در طول دوره نوری، غلظت بالای اتیلن و جریان هوای محدود) باعث توسعه برگ-های ضعیف (دارای لایه اپی‌کوتیکولی بسیار نازک) و کاهش عملکرد روزنه شده که منجر به افزایش تلفات گیاهچه‌ها پس از انتقال به شرایط برون شیشه‌ای می‌شود. از آنجایی که تنظیم اسمزی می‌تواند واکنش روزنه را بهبود ببخشد، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تاثیر تنش شوری به ویژه تنش شوری ملایم، در شرایط درون شیشه‌ای بر کاهش پسابیدگی برگ گیاهان کشت بافتی گردو در شرایط برون شیشه‌ای طراحی و اجرا شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش به صورت آزمایشگاهی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با چهار تکرار اجرا شد. برای اعمال تیمار شوری از نمک NaCl در سه غلظت 0، 5 و 10 دسی زیمنس بر متر استفاده شد، پس از پایان یافتن دوره تنش، صفات مربوط به مورفولوژی روزنه، میزان نرخ تعرق و میزان نسبی آّب (RWC)، صفات مورفولوژیکی (ارتفاع ساقه، سطح ویژه برگ، شاخص آسیب شوری، سطح وزنی برگ و میزان آبدار بودن برگ) و صفات فیزیولوژیکی (شاخص کلروفیل، پتانسیل اسمزی، مقدار پرولین وگلایسین بتائین) در گیاهچه‌های کشت بافتی مورد بررسی و ارزیابی قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: طبق نتایج به دست آمده از آزمایش حاضر، در اثر تنش شوری، غلظت پایین تنش شوری (5 دسی زیمنس)، منجر به کاهش میزان نرخ تعرق و افزایش RWC در گیاهچه‌های کشت بافتی گردو شد. همچنین خصوصیات روزنه‌ای از جمله طول و عرض روزنه و طول و عرض شکاف روزنه کاهش یافت و منجر به بسته‌تر شدن روزنه‌ها شد. شاخص آسیب شوری و اسمولیت‌های پرولین و گلایسین بتائین با افزایش شدت تنش افزایش نشان دادند و پتانسیل اسمزی منفی‌تر شد. اگر چه ارتفاع ساقه در تیمارهای مختلف شوری و شاهد اختلاف معنی‌داری نداشت اما برای شاخص کلروفیل و سطح ویژه برگ (SLA) در غلظت‌های 5 و 10 دسی زیمنس NaCL در مقایسه با شاهد کاهش معنی دار و برای سطح وزنی برگ (LMA) و میزان آبدار بودن برگ (LS) افزایش معنی‌دار مشاهده شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نقش تنش شوری در تنظیم اسمزی، غلظت‌های پایین این تیمار می‌تواند از طریق تاثیر بر مورفولوژی روزنه و بهبود روابط آب منجر به افزایش ظرفیت حفظ آب گیاهان کشت بافتی در شرایط برون شیشه‌ای طی مرحله انتقال و سازگارسازی گردد. طبق نتایج این پژوهش غلظت 5 دسی زیمنس تنش شوری، در مقایسه با غلظت 10 دسی زیمنس، تاثیر تنش‌زای کمتری روی گیاهچه‌های کشت بافتی داشت و همزمان باعث کاهش تعرق و افزایش RWC و در نهایت افزایش ظرفیت حفظ آب و کاهش پسابیدگی گیاهچه‌های کشت بافتی گردو در طول پسابیدگی شد که نشانگر تاثیر مثبت آن در سازگارسازی درون شیشه‌ای گیاهان کشت بافتی گردو پیش از انتقال بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Moderate salinity stress and its effect on water conservation capacity of in vitro plants of Persian walnut during desiccation

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zeinab Maleki Asayesh 1
  • Kourosh Vahdati 2
  • Sasan Aliniaeifard 3
1 M.Sc. Student, Dept. of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Professor, Dept. of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,
3 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Long term exposure of tissue culture plants to unusual environmental conditions during in vitro production (e.g. high relative humidity, low CO2 concentration during the photoperiod, high ethylene concentration and restricted air movement) induce poor development of leaves (e.g. thin epicuticular wax formation) and disturb normal function of sotmata, which result in high fatality of plantlets after transfer to ex vitro conditions. Osmotic adjustment can improve stomatal response. Therefore the objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of salinity especially moderate salinity stress on reducing uncontrollable water loss in micropropagated walnut explants during ex vitro desiccation.
Materials and methods: This experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. To study the effects of salinity stress, three different concentrations of NaCl (0, 5 and 10 ds.m-1) were used. After stress period, stomatal morphology, transpiration rate, RWC, morphological (e.g. shoot length, specific leaf area, salt injury index, leaf mass area and leaf succulence) and physiological traits (e.g. chlorophyll content, osmotic potential (ψs), proline and glycinebetaine content) were evaluated in micropropagated walnut explants.
Results: According to the results of the present experiment, low concentration of salinity (5 ds.m-1 NaCl) caused a decrease in transpiration rate and an increase in RWC of the leaves of walnut explants during desiccation. Some stomatal traits such as stomata length and width, pore length and pore aperture were improved and led to the closure of the stomata. Salt injury index, proline and glycine betaine increased with increasing salinity stress and osmotic potential (ψs) in the leaves of plants that were grown in salty medium were significantly reduced. Although no significant differences were observed in shoot length, salt stress reduced specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll content and increased LMA and LS in 5 and 10 ds.m-1 NaCl concentrations when compared with the control plants.
Conclusion: Due to the role of salinity stress in osmotic adjustment, low concentrations of salinity can increase ex vitro water conservation capacity of in-vitro plants during transplantation and acclimatization through changes in stomatal morphology and improvement of water relations. According to the results of this study, 5 ds.m-1 concentration of NaCl, had less stressful effect on micropropagated shoots of walnut and reduced transpiration and increased RWC when compared with 10 ds.m-1 concentration of salinity. In conclusion, moderate salinity stress increased water conservation capacity and decreased water loss during desiccation of in-vitro explants of Persian walnut, which can have a positive effect on in vitro adaptation of walnut plantlets before transfer to ex vitro condition.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Relative humidity (RH)
  • Transpiration
  • Salinity
  • Stomata
  • Walnut

مراجع

1.Aguilar, M., Espadas, F., Coello, J., Maust, B., Trejo, C., Robert, M. and Santamaria, J. 2000. The role of abscisic acid in controlling leaf water loss, survival and growth of micropropagated Tagetes erecta plants when transferred directly to the field. J. Exp. Bot. 51: 1861-1866.
2.Akça, Y. and Samsunlu, E. 2012. The effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content, proline and nutrient accumulation, and K/Na ratio in walnut. Pak. J. Bot. 44: 1513-1520.
3.Ali-Ahmad, M., Hughes, H.G. and Safadi, F. 1998. Studies on stomatal function, epicuticular wax and stem-root transition region of polyethylene glycol-treated and nontreated in vitro grape plantlets. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant. 34: 1-7.
4.Aliniaeifard, S., Asayesh, Z.M., Driver, J. and Vahdati, K. 2020. Stomatal features and desiccation responses of Persian walnut leaf as caused by in vitrostimuli aimed at stomatal closure, Trees, 34: 5. 1219-1232.
5.Aliniaeifard, S., Malcolm Matamoros, P. and Van Meeteren, U. 2014. Stomatal malfunctioning under low VPD conditions: induced by alterations in stomatal morphology and leaf anatomy or in the ABA signaling? Physiol. Plant. 152: 688-699.
6.Aliniaeifard, S. and van Meeteren, U. 2013. Can prolonged exposure to low VPD disturb the ABA signalling in stomatal guard cells? J. Exp. Bot.64: 3551-3566.
7.Aliniaeifard, S. and van Meeteren, U. 2014. Natural variation in stomatal response to closing stimuli among Arabidopsis thaliana accessions after exposure to low VPD as a tool to recognise the mechanism of disturbed stomatal functioning. J. Exp. Bot. 65: 6529-6542.
8.Arve, L.E., Kruse, O.M.O., Tanino, K.K., Olsen, J.E., Futsæther, C. and Torre, S. 2015. Growth in continuous high air humidity increases the expression of CYP707A-genes and inhibits stomatal closure. Environ. Exp. Bot. 115: 11-19.
9.Arve, L.E., Terfa, M.T., Gisleord, H.R., Olsen, J.E. and Torre, S. 2013. High relative air humidity and continuous light reduce stomata functionality by affecting the ABA regulation in rose leaves. Plant, Cell Envir. 36: 382-392.
10.Asayesh, Z.M., Vahdati, K. and Aliniaeifard, S. 2017a. Investigation of physiological components involved in low water conservation capacity of in vitro walnut plants. Sci. Hort. 224: 1-7.
11.Asayesh, Z.M., Vahdati, K., Aliniaeifard, S. and Askari, N. 2017b. Enhancement of ex vitro acclimation of walnut plantlets through modification of stomatal characteristics in vitro. Sci. Hort. 220: 114-121.
12.Ashraf, M. and Foolad, M. 2007. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environ. Exp. Bot. 59: 206-216.
13.Bates, L., Waldren, R. and Teare, I. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil. 39: 205-207.
14.Campanelli, A., Ruta, C., Morone-Fortunato, I. and De Mastro, G. 2013. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) clones tolerant to salt stress: in vitro selection. Cent. Eur. J. Biol. 8: 765-776.
15.Carvalho, D.R., Vasconcelos, M.W., Lee, S., Koning-Boucoiran, C.F., Vreugdenhil, D., Krens, F.A., Heuvelink, E. and Carvalho, S.M. 2016. Gene expression and physiological responses associated to stomatal functioning in Rosa× hybrida grown at high relative air humidity. Plant Sci. 253: 154-163.
16.Carvalho, D.R., Vasconcelos, M.W., Lee, S., Vreugdenhil, D., Heuvelink, E. and Carvalho, S.M. 2017. Moderate salinity improves stomatal functioning in rose plants grown at high relative air humidity. Environ. Exp. Bot. 143: 1-9.
17.Cha-um, S., Mosaleeyanon, K., Kirdmanee, C. and Supaibulwatana, K. 2003. A more efficient transplanting system for Thai neem (Azadirachta siamensis Val.) by reducing relative humidity. Sci. Asi. 29: 189-196.
18.Chartzoulakis, K. and Klapaki, G. 2000. Response of two greenhouse pepper hybrids to NaCl salinity during different growth stages. Sci. Hort. 86: 247-260.
19.Erturk, U., Sivritepe, N., Yerlikaya, C., Bor, M., Ozdemir, F. and Turkan, I. 2007. Responses of the cherry rootstock to salinity in vitro. Biol. Plant. 51: 597-600.
20.Fabbri, A., Sutter, E. and Dunston, S.K. 1986. Anatomical changes in persistent leaves of tissuecultured strawberry plants after removal from culture. Sci. Hortic. 28: 331-337.
21.Fanourakis, D., Bouranis, D., Giday, H., Carvalho, D.R., Nejad, A.R. and Ottosen, C.O. 2016. Improving stomatal functioning at elevated growth air humidity: a review. J. Plant Physiol. 207: 51-60.
22.Fanourakis, D., Carvalho, S.M., Almeida, D.P., van Kooten, O., van Doorn, W.G. and Heuvelink, E. 2012. Postharvest water relations in cut rose cultivars with contrasting sensitivity to high relative air humidity during growth. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 64: 64-73.
23.Fanourakis, D., Heuvelink, E. and Carvalho, S.M. 2013. A comprehensive analysis of the physiological and anatomical components involved in higher water loss rates after leaf development at high humidity. J. Plant Physiol. 170: 890-898.
24.Ghaleb, W.S., Sawwan, J.S., Akash, M.W. and Al-Abdallat, A.M. 2010. In vitro response of two Citrus rootstocks to salt stress. Int. J. Fruit Sci. 10: 40-53.
25.Giday, H., Fanourakis, D., Kjaer, K.H., Fomsgaard, I.S. and Ottosen, C.O. 2014. Threshold response of stomatal closing ability to leaf abscisic acid concentration during growth. J. Exp. Bot. 65: 4361-4370.
26.Grieve, C. and Grattan, S., 1983. Rapid assay for determination ofwater soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Plant Soil. 70: 303-307.
27.Hazarika, B. 2006. Morpho-physiological disorders in in vitro culture of plants. Sci. Hort. 108: 105-120.
28.Karimi, G., Ghorbanli, M., Heidari, H., Nejad, R.K., Assareh, M. 2005. The effects of NaCl on growth, water relations, osmolytes and ion content in Kochia prostrata. Biol. Plant. 49: 301-304.
29.Khan, P., Evers, D. and Hausman, J. 1999. Stomatal characteristics and water relations of in vitro grown Quercus robur NL 100 in relation to acclimatization. Silvae Gen. 48: 83-86.
30.Kumar, K. and Rao, I. 2012. Morphophysiologicals problems in acclimatization of micropropagated plants in–Ex Vitro conditions-A Review. J. Hort. Proc. 2: 271-283.
31.Lawlor, D. 1970. Absorption of polyethylene glycols by plants and their effects on plant growth. New Phytol.
69: 501-513.
32.Lokhande, V.H., Nikam, T.D., Patade, V.Y., Ahire, M.L. and Suprasanna, P. 2011. Effects of optimal and supra-optimal salinity stress on antioxidative defence, osmolytes and in vitro growth responses in Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Plant Cell Tissue Org. 104: 41-49.
33.Lovelli, S., Scopa, A., Perniola, M.,Di Tommaso, T. and Sofo, A. 2012. Abscisic acid root and leaf concentration in relation to biomass partitioning in salinized tomato plants. J. Plant Physiol. 169: 226-233.
34.Martinez, J.P., Lutts, S., Schanck, A., Bajji, M. and Kinet, J.M. 2004. Is osmotic adjustment required for water stress resistance in the Mediterranean shrub Atriplex halimus L? J. Plant Physiol. 161: 1041-1051.
35.Munns, R. and Tester, M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59: 651-681.
36.Ozden, M., Demirel, U. and Kahraman, A. 2009. Effects of proline on antioxidant system in leaves of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) exposedto oxidative stress by H2O2. Sci. Hort. 119: 163-168.
37.Qin, J., Dong, W., He, K., Yu, Y., Tan, G., Han, L., Dong, M., Zhang, Y., Zhang, D. and Li, A. 2010. NaCl salinity-induced changes in water status, ion contents and photosynthetic properties of Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt. Seedlings. Plant, Soil Environ. 56: 325-332.
38.Raven, J.A. 2014. Speedy small stomata? J. Exp. Bot. 65: 1415-1424.
39.Rezaei Nejad, A. and Van Meeteren, U. 2005. Stomatal response characteristics of Tradescantia virginiana grown at high relative air humidity. Physiol. Plant. 125: 324-332.
40.Safadi, F. and Hughes, H. 1990. Comparison of the diffusive resistance of Polyethylene glycol treated and non-treated tissue culture tobacco plantlets. HortScience. 25: 1105-1105.
41.Slavik, B. 1974. Methods of Studying Plant Water Relations. Chapman and Hall, London.
42.Solarova, J. and Pospisilova, J. 1997. Effect of carbon dioxide enrichment during in vitro cultivation and acclimation to ex vitro conditions. Biol. Plant. 39: 23-30.
43.Taylor, C.B. 1996. Proline and water deficit: ups, downs, ins, and outs. The Plant Cell. 8: 1221-1224.
44.Vahdati, K., Asayesh, Z.M., Aliniaeifard, S. and Leslie, C. 2017. Improvement of ex vitro Desiccation desiccation through elevation of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere of culture vessels during in vitro growth. Hort. Sci. 52: 1006-1012.
پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 28، شماره 2
تیر 1400
صفحه 85-99

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار