نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 کارشناسی ارشد اکولوژیک (اگرواکولوژی)، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
2 استادیار گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
3 دانشیار گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
4 4. دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
5 استاد گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction: In recent years, the assessment of input and output energy and global warming potential has gained a special place among researchers in the agricultural sector. Correct management in choosing appropriate methods of agricultural operations reduces fuel consumption, energy, and greenhouse gases production in the production of agricultural products. For this purpose, this study was carried out to evaluate the amount of production, energy efficiency, and greenhouse gas emissions of safflower under conservation tillage conditions and fertilizer consumption.
Materials and Methods: The experimental factors include three levels of different tillage systems including conventional tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage as the main factor. Four levels of NPK fertilizer at four levels of zero, 33, 66, and 100% of the required amount of safflower were used as secondary factors. The design consisted of three main blocks (each block for one replication). Each block was divided into three main plots (each main plot for one tillage operation). The distance between each block was 3 m and the distance between the main plots was considered 2 m. In each main plot, there were four sub-plots, and the distance between each sub-plot was considered to be 1 m. The area of the main plots was 21 ×15 m and the area of each sub-plot was 4.5 ×15 m. Saffron planting was done in rows with 5 planting lines with a row distance of 50 cm and a distance between plants of 10 cm. The amount of seed used for safflower was 8 kg/ha. In all stages of planting, keeping, and harvesting, all agricultural managements were investigated based on the conventional management of the area and with the farmer's method, to measure all inputs and outputs to the farm, after recording the information accurately, first all Inputs were converted into energy equivalents and then converted into greenhouse gas equivalents.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that most of the investigated traits were affected by the tillage system, fertilizer, and their interaction. The highest seed yield of safflower (1956 kg/ha) is from 33% fertilizer ratio and conventional tillage, and the lowest seed yield (1162 kg/ha) is from no-tillage. In terms of energy input, it was also found the highest share of input was related to fuel (50%) and human power (24.8%), which decreased due to the use of conservation tillage and fertilizer consumption. The highest energy efficiency in seed production in safflower (0.28 kg/MJ) was obtained from reduced tillage and no fertilizer use. The results of specific energy were contrary to the efficiency and energy efficiency trend. For example, the highest specific energy in the production of seeds, straw in the safflower plant was obtained from the no-tillage system and using 100% of the fertilizer required by the plant. In this treatment, the specific energy in safflower seed production was estimated to be 16.33 MJ/kg. The specific energy in the production of straw was calculated at about 10.91 MJ/kg, which indicates the inverse relationship between specific energy and energy efficiency. Among the inputs used, phosphate fertilizer caused the highest carbon dioxide production, urea fertilizer caused the highest methane production and fossil fuels caused the highest nitrogen oxide production, and in all fertilizer levels and tillage systems, the highest production of these greenhouse gases was related to these inputs.
Conclusion: Changing the tillage system increased energy efficiency in safflower plant production. Although the use of nitrogen fertilizer increased the production rate of the safflower plant, the productivity decreased due to the use of 100% of the fertilizer required by the plant. Also, conservation tillage has reduced the production of greenhouse gases in crop production.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
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