تأثیر بیوچار بر عملکرد گل و خصوصیات رشدی و فیزیولوژیکی ختمی دارویی (Althaea officinalis L)، تحت تنش خشکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.

2 نویسنده مسئول، دانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

3 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

چکیده

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کمبود آب تنها بحرانی است که هنوز کسی آن را جدی نگرفته و زنگ خطر آن همچنان بی‌صدا است، چراکه قطرات باقی مانده آب می‌تواند در آینده آب را به رویایی دست‌نیافتنی بدل کند. حجم زیادی از منابع آبی جهان در بخش کشاورزی مصرف می‌شود. در ایران تنها ۱۲ درصد از مساحت کل کشور زیر کشت قرار دارد، در حالی که حدود ۹۳ درصد از مصرف آب در بخش کشاورزی صورت می‌گیرد. امروزه به دلیل کمبود منابع آبی، مدیریت آب بخش مهمی از عملیات کشاورزی در تولید محصولات با کیفیت می‌باشد. در میان راهکارهای مختلف، افزودن اصلاح کننده‌های آلی به خاک یکی از مؤثرترین روش‌ها در راستای حفظ رطوبت و حاصلخیزی خاک به شمار می‌آیند. بیوچار یکی از بهترین روش‌های مدیریت و اصلاح خـاک محسوب شده و می‌تواند جهت افزایش پایـدار مـاده آلـی خاک و بهبود خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک مـورد استفاده قرار گیرد. علاوه بر این، تولید بیوچار باعث استفاده بهینه از ضایعات کشاورزی و صنعتی شده و می‌توانـد جهـت حفظ محیط زیست و کاهش آلاینده‌ها و تبدیل ضـایعات به ترکیبات مفید مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.



مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار به صورت کشت گلدانی در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی اجرا شد. فاکتور اول شامل بیوچار چوب درخت بلوط در نسبت‌های صفر، 5، 10 و 20 درصد و فاکتور دوم شامل 3 سطح آبیاری (100، 75 و 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) بود. تنش خشکی با کاهش آب آبیاری بر اساس ظرفیت زراعی گیاهان انجام شد. عملکرد گل و خصوصیات رشدی و فیزیولوژیکی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. تجزیه آماری داده‌ها با نرم افزار SPSS 21 انجام شد. مقایسه میانگین‌ها با آزمون چند دامنه‌ای دانکن درسطح احتمال 1 و 5 درصد انجام گردید.



یافته‌ها: نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان داد که کاربرد بیوچار در نسبت 20 درصد بیشترین افزایش را در مقادیر صفات رشدی و رویشی از قبیل ارتفاع، سطح برگ، قطر ساقه و سبزینگی برگ داشت. همچنین بیوچار باعث افزایش شگفت انگیزی در عملکرد و خصوصیات گل در گیاه ختمی دارویی شد. کمترین میزان صفات رویشی و زایشی در تنش خشکی شدید (50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) بود که استفاده از بیوچار چوب درخت بلوط 1/21 درصد در صفات رویشی و 8/81 درصد در صفات زایشی باعث بهبود ویژگی‌های مورد بررسی در گیاه گردید. همچنین بیوچار با حفظ رطوبت خاک و ایجاد تعادل کاتیونی و افزایش جذب عناصر مغذی باعث بهبود در عملکرد روزنه‌های گیاه و افزایش هدایت روزنه‌ای به میزان 65 درصد و کاهش میزان نشت یونی به میزان 6/47 درصد در شرایط تنش شدید نسبت به گیاهان شاهد شد. با افزایش سطح تنش تولید ترکیبات ثانویه و آنتی‌اکسیدانی در گیاه افزایش یافت که کاربرد بیوچار با کاهش اثرات منفی تنش میزان تولید ترکیبات ثانویه و آنتی‌اکسیدانی را 1/21 درصد کاهش داد.



نتیجه‌گیری: پژوهش حاضر نشان داد بیوچار تأثیر قابل توجهی در افزایش صفات رشدی، رویشی، عملکرد گل و خصوصیات زایشی گیاه ختمی دارویی در شرایط بدون تنش و سطوح تنش خشکی داشت. همچنین بیوچار با افزایش ماده آلی، حفظ رطوبت و ایجاد تعادل یونی تأثیر مثبتی بر روی افزایش مقاومت گیاه در مقابل کمبود آب نشان داد. با توجه به نتایج حاصل از پژوهش انجام شده استفاده از بیوچار درخت بلوط در نواحی خشک و نیمه خشک جهت افزایش تحمل گیاهان به کمبود آب و افزایش حاصلخیزی خاک توصیه می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of biochar on flower yield and growth and physiological characteristics of Althaea officinalis L. under drought stress

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saeid Azizzadeh namin 1
  • Mehdi Behnamian 2
  • Samar Heshmati 3
1 M.Sc. Student of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2 Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
3 M.Sc. Student of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Water shortage is the only serious crisis that no one has taken seriously yet, and its alarm remains silent, because the remaining drops of water can make water an unattainable dream in the future. A large amount of the world's water resources is consumed in agriculture. In Iran, only 12% of the total area of the country is under cultivation, while about 93% of water consumption is in the agricultural sector. Today, due to the lack of water resources and drought, water management is an important part of farm operations and producing quality products. Among the various solutions, adding organic modifiers to the soil is one of the most effective methods in order to maintain soil moisture and fertility. Biochar is considered one of the best methods of soil management and amendment and can be used to increase soil organic matter and improve soil physical and chemical properties. In addition, biochar production makes optimal use of agricultural and industrial waste and can be used to protect the environment and reduce pollutants and convert waste into useful compounds.



Materials and Methods: This research done in factorial form in a completely randomized design with four replications in the form of pot cultivation in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The first factor included oak wood biochar in proportions of 0, 5, 10 and 20% and the second factor included 3 levels of irrigation (100, 75 and 50% of agricultural capacity). Drought stress was done by reducing irrigation water based on the agricultural capacity of plants. Flower performance and developmental and physiological characteristics were evaluated. Statistical analysis of data was done with SPSS 21 software. Comparison of means was done with Duncan's multi-range test at 1% and 5% probability level.



Results: The results of the research showed that the application of biochar at a ratio of 20% had the greatest increase in the values of growth and vegetative traits such as height, leaf surface, stem diameter and leaf greenness. Also, biochar caused a surprising increase in the yield and characteristics of flowers in the Althaea officinalis L.. The lowest amount of vegetative and reproductive traits in severe drought stress was 50% of the agricultural capacity, and the use of oak wood biochar improved 21.1% in vegetative traits and 81.8% in reproductive traits. Also, by maintaining soil moisture and creating a cationic balance and increasing the absorption of nutrients, biochar improves the performance of plant stomata and increases stomatal conductivity by 65% and reduces ion leakage by 47.6% in severe stress conditions compared to Plants witnessed. With the increase in the level of stress, the production of secondary and antioxidant compounds increased in the plant, and the application of biochar reduced the production of secondary and antioxidant compounds by 21.1% by reducing the negative effects of stress.



Conclusion: The present study showed that biochar had a significant effect on increasing the growth, vegetative, flower yield and reproductive characteristics of the Althaea officinalis L. under stress-free conditions and various drought stress levels. Also, biochar showed a positive effect on increasing plant resistance to water deficit by increasing organic matter, maintaining moisture and creating ion balance. According to the results of the research, it is recommended to use oak tree biochar in dry and semi-arid areas to increase plants to water deficit and increase soil fertility.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biochar
  • Medicinal plants
  • Water shortage
  • Soil fertility

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پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 32، شماره 2
تیر 1404
صفحه 193-212

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