ارزیابی صفات بیوشیمیایی و فیزیولوژیکی در برگ موتانت های انار رقم ملس ساوه و ارتباط آن با تحمل به سرمای بهاره

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده

نویسنده مسئول، پژوهشکده کشاورزی هسته‌ای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته‌ای، کرج، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: در مطالعات بیولوژیکی، از تابش گاما با دوز پایین به عنوان محرک‌ تا دوز بالا به عنوان مهارکننده‌ استفاده شده است. پرتو گاما یک جهش‌زای فیزیکی برای القای جهش است. سرما و یخبندان از عوامل محدود کننده کشت انار در بسیاری از مناطق جهان از جمله ایران به شمار می‌رود. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی چگونگی تأثیر تابش گاما بر صفات فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی برگ انار پس از قرار گیری در معرض پرتو گاما و ارتباط آن با تحمل به تنش سرمای بهاره بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: جوانه‌های‌ نهفته روی شاخه‌های یک ساله انار رقم ملس ساوه تحت تابش گاما با دوز 36 گری از منبع کبالت 60 قرار گرفتند. پس از آن، شاخساره‌های پرتودهی شده تقریباً یک سال در خزانه نگهداری شدند و این گیاهان موتانت برای تکثیر رویشی و تولید گیاهان نسل دوم رویشی (mV2) مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. در زمستان سال بعد، کلون های موتانت mV2 به باغ اصلی در ساوه منتقل شدند. پس از یک دوره رشد چهار ساله، تمام درختان وارد مرحله گلدهی شدند. گیاهان در فصل پنجم رویشی (mV5) بر اساس مقاومت به سرمای زمستانه و بیماری‌ها به صورت بصری (بر اساس درصد خشکیدگی شاخساره‌ها) انتخاب شدند. 18 ژنوتیپ از نسل mV5 انتخاب شد. شاخه‌های یک ساله از وسط هر درخت در فروردین ماه 1401 برداشت شدند و روی یخ نگهداری شدند تا در آزمایشگاه برای آنالیز صفات تحمل به یخ‌زدگی، مالون دی آلدهید، پرولین، کربوهیدرات‌های محلول، فنول کل، ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی و رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی استفاده شوند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج تجزیه واریانس داده‌ها نشان داد اختلاف معنی داری در تحمل به یخ زدگی برگ کلون‌های موتانت انار وجود داشت. در بین کلون‌های موتانت، بیشترین و کمترین تحمل به یخ‌زدگی به ترتیب در موتانت‌های 6 و 3 مشاهده شد. بیشترین میزان پرولین در موتانت 4 مشاهده شد، در حالی‌که کمترین آن به موتانت‌های 9، 2، ، 7، 10 و شاهد اختصاص یافت. در بین کلون‌های موتانت، موتانت‌های 1، 4، 13 و 18 دارای بالاترین محتوای کربوهیدرات محلول برگ بودند، در حالی که کمترین آن در موتانت 9 یافت شد. بیشترین محتوای فنول کل در موتانت‌های 1، 4، 6، 13، 16، 17 و 18 و کمترین آن در شاهد مشاهده شد. بیشترین ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی مربوط به موتانت‌های 4، 6، 13 و 18 بود، در حالی‌که کمترین آن در شاهد و موتانت‌های 2، 3 و 9 یافت شد. نتایج نشان داد کمترین و بیشترین میزان مالون دی آلدهید به ترتیب مربوط به موتانت‌های 13 و 2 بود. مقایسه میانگین داده‌های رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی نشان داد که بیشترین میزان کلروفیل a و کاروتنوئید در موتانت 18 و بیشترین میزان کلروفیل b و کلروفیل کل در موتانت‌های 4، 6 و 18 مشاهده شد. همبستگی منفی و معنی‌داری بین LT50 با پرولین، کربوهیدرات‌های محلول، فنول کل، ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی و رنگیزه-های فتوسنتزی برگ وجود داشت، در حالی‌که همبستگی مثبت معنی‌داری بین LT50 و مالون دی آلدهید مشاهده شد.
به طور کلی پرتودهی گاما، پراکسیداسیون لیپیدی غشاء و نشت الکترولیت را افزایش و پایداری غشاء را کاهش داد. اگرچه برخی موتانت‌های انار توانستند با افزایش غلظت اسمولیت‌ها (مانند کربوهیدرات و پرولین) و ترکیبات فنولی، از غشاهای سلولی در برابر آسیب اکسیداتیو ناشی از پرتودهی گاما، محافظت کنند و در نتیجه تحمل به سرما را افزایش دهند.
نتیجه گیری: پرتودهی جوانه‌های گیاهان روشی مؤثر برای اصلاح ارقام گیاهی است. کلون‌های موتانت انار 6، 4، 13 و 18 به طور معنی‌داری میزان پرولین، کربوهیدرات‌های محلول، فنول کل، ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی و رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی بیشتر و مالون دی آلدهید کمتر و در نتیجه تحمل به سرمای بیشتری نسبت به شاهد داشتند، بنابراین از این کلون‌های موتانت می‌توان در برنامهای اصلاحی آینده به منظور تولید ارقام متحمل به سرما جهت کشت در مناطق سردسیر استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of biochemical and physiological traits in the leaves of Malase Saveh pomegranate mutants and its relationship with spring cold tolerance

نویسنده [English]

  • Mohammad reza Rahemi
Corresponding Author, Nuclear Agricultural Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: In biological studies, low dose gamma radiation has been used as a stimulus to high dose as an inhibitor. Gamma ray is a physical mutagen. Cold and frost are limiting factors for pomegranate cultivation in many parts of the world, including Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gamma radiation on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of pomegranate leaves after exposure to gamma radiation and its relationship with tolerance to spring cold stress.
Materials and methods: The latent buds on one-year-old branches of Meles Saveh pomegranate were subjected to gamma radiation with a dose of 36 Gy from the cobalt 60 source. After that, the irradiated shoots were kept in the vault for almost one year and these mutant plants were used for vegetative propagation and production of second generation vegetative plants (mV2). In the winter of the following year, mV2 mutant clones were transferred to the main garden in Saveh. After a four-year growth period, all trees entered the flowering stage. The plants in the fifth growing season (mV5) were selected based on their resistance to winter cold and diseases visually (based on the percentage of dry shoots and browning of branches). 18 genotypes were selected from mV5 generation. One-year-old branches were harvested from the middle of each tree in April 1401 and kept on ice to be analyzed in the laboratory for physiological and biochemical traits such as frost tolerance, malondialdehyde, proline, soluble carbohydrates, total phenol, Antioxidant capacity and photosynthetic pigments should be used.
Findings: The results of variance analysis of the data showed that there was a significant difference in the freezing tolerance of pomegranate mutant clones. Among the mutant clones, the highest and lowest freezing tolerance was observed in mutants 6 and 3, respectively. The highest amount of proline was observed in mutant 4, while the lowest amount was assigned to mutants 9, 2, 7, 10 and control. Among the mutant clones, mutants 1, 4, 13 and 18 had the highest leaf soluble carbohydrate content, while the lowest was found in mutant 9. The highest content of total phenol was observed in mutants 1, 4, 6, 13, 16, 17 and 18 and the lowest in control. The highest antioxidant capacity was related to mutants 4, 6, 13 and 18, while the lowest was found in control and mutants 2, 3 and 9. The results showed that the lowest and highest amount of malondialdehyde was related to mutants 13 and 2, respectively. Comparing the average data of photosynthetic pigments showed that the highest amount of chlorophyll a and carotenoid was observed in mutant 18 and the highest amount of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll was observed in mutants 4, 6 and 18. There was a negative and significant correlation between LT50 and proline, soluble carbohydrates, total phenol, antioxidant capacity and photosynthetic leaf pigments, while a significant positive correlation was observed between LT50 and malondialdehyde. In general, gamma irradiation increased membrane lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage and decreased membrane stability. Although some pomegranate mutants were able to protect cell membranes against oxidative damage caused by gamma irradiation by increasing the concentration of osmolytes (such as carbohydrates and proline) and phenolic compounds, and thus increased cold tolerance.
Conclusion: Irradiation of plant buds is an effective method to improve plant varieties. Pomegranate mutant clones 6, 4, 13 and 18 had significantly more proline, soluble carbohydrates, total phenol, antioxidant capacity and photosynthetic pigments and less malondialdehyde and as a result more cold-tolerance than the control. Mutant clones can be used in future breeding programs to produce cold-tolerant cultivars for cultivation in cold regions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Key words: gamma irradiation
  • mutant
  • malondialdehyde
  • chlorophyll
  • pomegranate
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