اثر محلول‌پاشی سایتوکینین و اسیدسالیسیلیک بر عملکرد و خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک آفتابگردان در شرایط تنش خشکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشکده کشاورزی، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

2 نویسنده مسئول، استاد گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

3 دانشیار گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه ‏و هدف: روغن یکی از مواد غذایی اصلی موردنیاز بشر است. بیش از 90 درصد روغن کشور از طریق واردات تأمین می-گردد. آفتابگردان دانه‌ روغنی است که در خوزستان می‏توان دو بار در سال کشت کرد. تنش خشکی یکی از تنش‌های مهم غیر زیستی است که مانع تحقق کامل پتانسیل‌های ژنتیکی گیاهان زراعی می‌شود و درنتیجه موجب کاهش عملکرد گیاهان را می‌شود. در سال‌های اخیر تنش خشکی به یکی از موانع اصلی توسعه کشاورزی به‌ویژه در مناطقی که در جهان کمبود آب‌دارند تبدیل‌شده است. آزمایش به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر محلول‌پاشی برگی دو هورمون سایتوکینین و اسیدسالیسیلیک بر صفات مورفولوژیک، عملکرد کمی و کیفی آفتابگردان در شرایط تنش خشکی انجام شد.

مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش در دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز در سال زراعی 1401- 1400 به‌صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتور اصلی، شامل دور آبیاری در سه سطح (8، 12 و 16 روز) و فاکتور فرعی شامل 5 سطح هورمون (بدون مصرف هورمون به‌عنوان شاهد، هورمون سایتوکینین از نوع بنزیل‌آمینوپورین (فرم تجاری سیتوکینین شرکت سیگما- آمریکا) در دو سطح 25 و 50 میکرومولار و اسیدسالیسیلیک در دو سطح 200 و 400 میکرو مولار) به‌صورت محلول‌پاشی برگی در مرحله غنچه دهی R2 و شروع گلدهی R5 در نظر گرفته شد. رقم مورد کشت رقم اسکار انتخاب گردید.

یافته‏ها: برهم‌کنش دور آبیاری و سطوح هورمون برای کلیه صفات در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی‌دار بودند. افزایش دور آبیاری از 8 به 12 و 16 روز باعث کاهش سرعت فتوسنتز، هدایت روزنه‏ای، شاخص سطح برگ، شاخص سبزینگی و محتوای نسبی آب و افزایش آنزیم-های آنتی‌اکسیدان (کاتالاز، پراکسیداز و سوپراکسید دیس موتاز) و به‌تبع آن کاهش عملکرد دانه و عملکرد روغن دانه گردید. در آبیاری 16 روز تیمار سایتوکینین 25 و 50 میکرومولار و اسید سالیسیلیک 200 و 400 میلی مولار به ترتیب موجب افزایش 6/69، 3/72، 6/36 و 64 درصدی عملکرد دانه شد. سایتوکینین 50 میکرومولار در شرایط آبیاری 8، 12 و 16 روز عملکرد دانه را به ترتیب 33، 5/16 و 3/72 درصد و عملکرد روغن را 3/50، 3/24 و 4/100 درصد نسبت به شاهد افزایش داد.

نتیجه‌گیری: در شرایط تنش عملکرد دانه و روغن کاهش می‌یابد علت آن کاهش شاخص سطح برگ، محتوی آب نسبی برگ، میانگین هدایت روزنه‏ای، سرعت فتوسنتز و شاخص کلروفیل هست. با افزایش گونه‌های واکنش‌گر اکسیژن فعالیت کاتالاز، پراکسیداز و سوپراکسیددیس‌موتاز افزایش می‌یابد، کاربرد خارجی سایتوکینین و اسیدسالیسیلیک به‌صورت محلول‌پاشی بر روی اندام هوایی گیاه آفتابگردان موجب افزایش تحمل به خشکی، افزایش عملکرد دانه و روغن در این گیاه می‏شود و لذا سیتوکنین و اسید سالیسیلیک را به‌عنوان راهکاری برای بهبود عملکرد دانه و روغن آفتابگردان، در شرایط خشکی می‏توان پیشنهاد کرد، گر چه هردو هورمون مفید بودند اما سیتوکنین با دوز 50 میکرو مولار مؤثرتر بود. به‌نحوی‌که با افزایش دوز سیتوکنین از 25 به 50 میکرومولار در شرایط تنش شدید نسبت به شاهد باعث کنترل کاهش درصد روغن و عملکرد دانه گردید. هرچند اثر سایتوکینین بهتر بوده، اما با توجه به اختلاف قیمت استفاده از اسید سالیسیلیک در شرایط کم‌آبی با افزایش فاصله آبیاری از 8 به 12 روز کارایی بالاتری دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of foliar application of cytokinin and salicylic acid on yield and physiological characteristics of sunflower under drought stress conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Foad Hossini 1
  • Moosa Meskarbashee 2
  • Afrasyab Rahnama Ghahfarokhi 3
1 Ph.D. Graduate of Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
2 Corresponding Author, Professor, Dept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
3 Associate Prof., Dept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objective: Oil is one of the main food items needed by humans. More than 90% of oil in the country is supplied through imports. Sunflower is an oil seed that can be cultivated twice a year in Khuzestan. Drought stress reduces the relative water content , increases stomatal resistance, and as a result, the amount of photosynthesis ,oil and seed yield decreases. The goals of study were to recognize the effects of spraying of Cytokinin and Salicylic Acid, on Physiological, biochemical and Yield of Sunflower On Drought Stress.

Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the experimental farm of the Department of plant production genetics, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, in the 2021-2022 cropping season . The main factor includes the irrigation cycle at three levels (8, 12, and 16 days) and the sub factor includes 5 hormone levels (without hormone, cytokinin hormone at two levels of 25 and 50 µmol/liter and salicylic acid at two levels 200 and 400µmol /liter).The oscar cultivar was used.

Results: The interaction of irrigation distance and hormone levels for all traits were significant at the 1% probability level. Increasing the irrigation cycle from 8 to 12 and 16 days decreases the rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf area index, greenness index and relative water content and increases antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxide and superoxide dismutase) and consequently Seed yield and seed oil yield decreased. Cytokinin and salicylic acid solution spraying in 16-day improved stress tolerance and ultimately an acceptable increase in seed and oil yield. So that the seed yield increased by 69, 72, 37 and 64% under the influence of cytokinin 25 and 50 µM/L and salicylic acid 200 and 400 mM/L respectively. Cytokinin 50 μM increased seed yield by 33, 16.5, and 72% and oil yield by 33.5, 19.5, and 50% under irrigation conditions of 8, 12, and 16 days, respectively.

Conclusion: Under stress conditions, seed and oil yields decrease, the reason for this is the decrease in leaf area index, leaf relative water content, average stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll index. With the increase of reactive oxygen species(Ros), the activity of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase increases, the external application of cytokinin and salicylic acid in the form of foliar spraying on the aerial parts of sunflower plants increases the tolerance to drought and increasing the seed and oil yield in this plant, therefore, cytokinin and salicylic acid can be suggested as a solution to improve the yield of sunflower seeds and oil in drought conditions, although both hormones were useful, but cytokinin with The dose of 50 μM was more effective. By increasing the dose of cytokinin from 25 to 50 µM/L under severe stress conditions, it caused a decrease in oil percentage and grain yield. Although the effect of cytokinin has been better, due to the high price difference of cytokinin from salicylic acid, the use of both hormones is recommended to farmers in water shortage conditions by increasing the irrigation cycle instead of 8 days to 12 days.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Irrigation round
  • Oil seed
  • Oscar cultivar
  • Photosynthesis
  • Yield components

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پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 32، شماره 3
مهر 1404
صفحه 97-115

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