تاثیر کاربرد برگی برخی کودهای زیستی برخصوصیات کمی، کیفی و ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی میوه سیب رقم رد دلیشز (Malus domestica cv. Red delicious)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 نویسنده مسئول، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: سیب مهم‌ترین میوه مناطق معتدله و بومی آسیای مرکزی است. این میوه حاوی مقدار زیادی عناصر غذایی پتاسیم، سدیم، کلسیم، بور، فسفر و ویتامین‌های آ، ب و ث می‌باشد. تغذیه بهینه درختان میوه یکی از راهکارهای موثر برای دستیابی به حداکثر عملکرد میوه و افزایش کیفیت محصول است. اما استفاده طولانی مدت کودهای شیمیایی اثرات نامناسبی بر سلامت خاک، محیط زیست و انسان دارد. اخیرا، یکی از راه‌کارهای اساسی برای غلبه بر این مشکلات، کاربرد کودهای معدنی، آلی و زیستی به عنوان جایگزین کودهای شیمیایی است. کودهای زیستی تجاری شامل ترکیباتی مهمی مثل عصاره جلبک دریایی، ترکیبات هیومیکی و اسیدهای آمینه هستند. بر این اساس در پژوهش حاضر محلول‌پاشی سطوح مختلف برخی از کودهای زیستی (عصاره جلبک دریایی، اسید هیومیک و اسید آمینه) بر صفات کمی و کیفی و ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی میوه سیب رقم رددلیشز طی فصل‌های بهار و تابستان ارزیابی شد.

مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش به صورت طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در باغ سیب دانشگاه زنجان و در سال 1402 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل کاربرد برگی عصاره جلبک‌دریایی (075/0 و 15/0 درصد)، اسیدآمینه (1/0 و 2/0 درصد)، اسیدهیومیک (03/0 درصد)، کود تجاری همارنگ (5/0 درصد)، کود شیمیایی ترکیبی نیتروژن، روی و بور (اوره 1%، کلات روی 3/0% و اسیدبوریک 1/0%) و محلول‌پاشی با آب مقطر (شاهد) بود. حدود 40 روز بعد از شکوفایی کامل گلها، محلول‌پاشی شروع و با فاصله 30 روز تا زمان رسیدن فیزیولوژیکی میوه‌ها سه بار تکرار شد. میوه‌ها بر اساس منحنی رشد میوه در مرحله رسیدن فیزیولوژیکی میوه (130 روز بعد از شکوفایی کامل گل‌ها) برداشت شدند 10 میوه از هر واحد آزمایشی به صورت تصادفی برداشت شد و سپس نمونه‌ها برای اندازه‌گیری صفات کمی و کیفی به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شدند. صفات مورد ارزیابی شامل خصوصیات کمی میوه سیب (طول، قطر، وزن، حجم و ماده خشک میوه)، خصوصیات کیفی میوه سیب (سفتی، مواد جامد محلول و اسیدیته)، شاخص‌های بیوشیمیایی میوه سیب (ویتامین ث، پروتئین، فنول، فلاونوئید و ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی) و آنتوسیانین پوست میوه بود. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SAS نسخه 3/9 انجام گرفت.

یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که حداکثر اسید قابل تیتراسیون و ویتامین ث میوه (25/22 میلی‌گرم بر 100 گرم وزن تر) در درختان سیب تیمار شده با جلبک‌دریایی 075/0 حاصل شد. حداکثر میزان فنول کل (62/9 میلی‌گرم در 100 گرم وزن تر)، فلاونوئید (59/1 میلی‌گرم در 100 گرم وزن تر) و ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی (17/70 درصد) در میوه‌های تیمار شده با هر دو سطح 1/0 و 2/0 درصد اسیدآمینه مشاهده شد. بیشترین طول (56/70 میلی‌متر)، قطر (16/71 میلی‌متر)، وزن (51/186 گرم) و سفتی بافت میوه (54/43 نیوتن) با کاربرد برگی اسید هیومیک حاصل شد. همچنین بیشترین محتوای آنتوسیانین پوست میوه (9/16 میکرومول بر گرم وزن تر) با کاربرد کود تجاری همارنگ حاصل شد؛ به طوریکه این کود بیشترین تاثیر را بر کیفیت رنگ میوه داشت. کاربرد کود شیمیایی ترکیبی بر شاخص-های کیفی میوه تاثیر منفی نشان داد، به طوریکه باعث کاهش کیفیت رنگ پوست‌ و سفتی بافت میوه شد.

نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج حاصل، کاربرد برگی کودهای زیستی و کود شیمیایی ترکیبی تاثیر معنی‌داری بر خصوصیات کمی، کیفی و ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی میوه‌های سیب داشت. طبق نتایج، خصوصا عصاره جلبک دریایی (075/0 درصد)، اسید آمینه (1/0 درصد) و اسید هیومیک (03/0 درصد) تاثیر مثبتی بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی و ارزش تغذیه‌ای میوه سیب رقم رد‌دلیشز داشتند. بر این اساس کاربرد کودهای زیستی فوق به صورت مجزا و ترکیبی جهت بهبود خواص کمی، کیفی و ارزش تغذیه‌ای میوه سیب رقم رددلیشز در شرایط آب و هوایی زنجان پیشنهاد می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of foliar application of some biofertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits and antioxidant capacity of Red Delicious apple fruit

نویسندگان [English]

  • Afsaneh Salehi 1
  • Fatemeh Nekounam 2
  • Farhang Razavi 1
1 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
2 Corresponding Author, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Apple is one of the most important fruit trees in temperate regions and is a native of central Asia. Apple fruit is rich in potassium, sodium, calcium, boron, phosphorus, and significant amounts of vitamins C, B and A. Optimal nutrition for fruit trees is one of the effective strategies to achieve maximum fruit yield and increase product quality. But, long-term use of chemical fertilizers leads to harmful impacts on the soil, environment and humane health. Recently, one of the basic solutions to overcome these problems is the use of mineral, organic and biological fertilizers as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. Commercial bio-stimulants include important compounds such as seaweed extracts, humic substances, amino acids, etc. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effect of foliar application of some of biofertilizers (seaweed extract, humic acid, amino acid) on quantitative and qualitative traits and antioxidant capacity of Red Delicious apple fruit, under the climatic conditions of Zanjan region, Iran.

Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications in apple orchard of university of Zanjan during 2023. The experimental treatments included foliar spraying of seaweed extract (Alg; 0.075 and 0.15%), amino acid (GF Amino; 0.1 and 0.2%), humic acid (HA; 0.03%), commercial fertilizer Homarang, (Homa fert; 0.5%), combined chemical fertilizer of nitrogen, zinc and boron (Combinate fert; 1% urea, 0.3% zinc chelate and 0.1% boric acid) and foliar spraying with distilled water (control). Foliar application of treatments started 40 days after full bloom, and was repeated three times with an interval of 30 days until the physiological ripening of fruits. The fruits were harvested based on the fruit growth curve at the physiological maturity stage, which occurs 130 days after full bloom. Ten fruits were randomly harvested from each experimental unit, and then the samples were transferred to the laboratory for quantitative and qualitative trait measurements. Quantitative and qualitative traits of the fruit, such as fruit length, diameter, weight, volume, and dry weight, phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid, protein, and anthocyanin content of the fruit were examined.

Results: Results showed that the highest value of titratable acidity and vitamin C (22.25 mg 100g-1FW) were obtained in apple trees treated with seaweed 0.075%. The maximum amount of total phenol (9.62 mg 100g-1FW), flavonoid (1.59 mg 100g-1FW) and antioxidant capacity (70.17 %) were observed in fruits treated with amino acid fertilizer 0.1 and 0.2%. The highest fruit length (70.56 mm), diameter (71.16 mm), weight (186.51 grams) and fruit firmness (43.54 N) were obtained with foliar application of HA. Also, the highest anthocyanin content of fruit skin (16.9 µmol g-1FW) was achieved with the use of commercial Homa fertilizer, as this fertilizer had the greatest effect on fruit color quality. The application of combined chemical fertilizer had a negative impact on fruit quality indices, reducing the quality of skin color and fruit firmness.

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that foliar application of biofertilizers and chemical fertilizer had a significant effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and antioxidant capacity of Red Delicious apples. According to the results, biofertilizers, especially seaweed extract (0.075%), amino acid (0.1%), and humic acid (0.03%), had a positive effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and nutritional value of the Red Delicious apple fruit. So that, the combined or separate application of these biofertilizers is recommended to improve the quantitative, qualitative, and nutritional properties of the Red Delicious apple fruit under climatic conditions of Zanjan.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Anthocyanin
  • Bio-fertilizers
  • Fruit firmness
  • Nutritional value

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پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 33، شماره 1
فروردین 1405
صفحه 161-184

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