نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 موسسه تحقیقات ثبت و گواهی بذر و نهال، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران
2 موسسه تحقیقات ثبت و گواهی بذر و نهال، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Background and objectives: Supplying forage with adequate quantity and quality remains a major challenge for the livestock sector in the semi-arid and temperate regions of Iran. Water scarcity, climate change, and rainfall variability have intensified the need for adaptable and stable forage crops. Autumn-sown forage legumes contribute substantially to the sustainability of cropping systems through biological nitrogen fixation, improvement of soil fertility, and production of high-nutritive-value forage. Among them, vetch species (Vicia sativa, V. pannonica, and V. villosa) have attracted attention due to their relative tolerance to environmental stresses. Considering the importance of genotype × environment (G×E) interaction and the necessity of identifying stable cultivars, this study aimed to evaluate yield performance, stability, and nutritional quality of different forage vetch cultivars under diverse climatic conditions of Iran.
Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted over two growing seasons (2022-2023 and 2023-2024) at four locations: Karaj, Gorgan, Kermanshah, and Parsabad (Moghan). A randomized complete blocks design with four replications was employed. Plant materials consisted of two introduced cultivars (Atom and Enes) and two local checks (Lamei and Maragheh). Evaluated traits included fresh and dry forage yield, plant height, establishment percentage, phenological traits, and quality parameters such as crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude fiber (CF), total ash, and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). Combined analysis of variance across years and locations was performed, and GGE-biplot analysis was used to assess yield stability and genotype × environment interaction.
Results: The combined analysis of variance indicated that the effects of location, year, genotype, and their interactions were significant at the 1% probability level for fresh forage and dry forage yield. Fresh forage yield in the first year (approximately 23318 kg ha⁻¹) exceeded that of the second year (approximately 20030 kg ha⁻¹) by 3288 kg ha⁻¹. The genotype Lamei exhibited the highest mean dry forage yield (2808 kg ha⁻¹), the greatest plant height (mean 79 cm), and the highest plant establishment rate (98-100%). GGE-biplot analysis showed that Lamei was the closest genotype to the ideal genotype and demonstrated high general adaptability and yield stability, whereas Maragheh showed better specific adaptation in Parsabad (mean dry yield 2470 kg ha⁻¹). The genotypes Atom and Enes, in addition to lower mean yields (2195 and 2383 kg ha⁻¹, respectively), exhibited greater variability across environments. Regarding phenological traits, Lamei was identified as the earliest-maturing genotype in most environments, with the shortest period from emergence to harvest (mean 154 days), while Maragheh was the latest-maturing genotype (mean 168 days). In terms of nutritional quality, Lamei showed the highest crude protein content (0.18%) and water-soluble carbohydrates (5.7%), and the lowest acid detergent insoluble fiber (3.34%) among the genotypes. Overall, Lamei exhibited both the highest dry matter yield and crude protein content among all genotypes.
Conclusion: Forage yield and quality of vetch were significantly influenced by genotype × environment interaction, highlighting the necessity of multi-environment evaluation for cultivar recommendation. Based on combined quantitative, qualitative, and stability analyses, Lamei is recommended as a broadly adapted, high-yielding, nutritionally superior, and stable cultivar for cultivation across diverse regions of Iran. Maragheh may be recommended for cooler environments with specific adaptation. The selection of late-maturing and stable cultivars can serve as an effective strategy to enhance forage production sustainability under diverse climatic conditions.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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