مطالعه واکنش جوانه‌زنی بذر گیاه فراموش شده منداب (Eruca sativa Mill) به برخی عوامل محیطی

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 سایر

2 دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

3 هیات علمی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

چکیده

مقدمه و سابقه تحقیق:
منداب (Eruca sativa Mill.) گیاهی یک‌ساله از خانواده Brassicaceae است که در محدوده وسیعی از بلوچستان تا کناره‌های دریای خزر می‌روید. اگر چه این گیاه در بعضی مناطق به‌عنوان یک علف‌هرز شناخته شده، ولی به‌دلیل کاربرد‌های گوناگون مانند استفاده های مختلف دارویی و علوفه ای، و همچنین داشتن صفات با ارزش مانند رشد بالا رویشی، نرخ رشد بالا، مقاومت عالی در برابر تنش زنده و غیر زنده، و تنوع ژنتیکی بالا به‌ویژه در سال‌های اخیر مورد توجه قرار گرفته‌است. با توجه به اهمیت مرحله جوانه‌زنی در موفقیت استقرار، دستیابی به تراکم مطلوب بوته و نقش عوامل محیطی بر آن، این آزمایش با هدف بررسی دما، پتانسیل آب، شوری، pH و عمق کاشت بر جوانه‌زنی و سبز‌شدن بذور منداب پاییزه انجام گرفت.

مواد و روشها:
همه آزمایشات به صورت کاملا تصادفی در چهار تکرار انجام شد. آزمایشات اولیه نشان داد که بذور جمع آوری شده فاقد رکود بودند. به‌منظور بررسی اثر دما بر درصد و سرعت جوانه‏زنی بذر منداب، بذرها در انکوباتور در دماهای 5/2، 5، 10، 15، 20، 25، 30، 35 ، 38 و 40 درجه سانتی‌گراد قرار گرفتند. تأثیر سطوح مختلف پتانسیل آب (0، 2/0-، 4/0-، 6/0-، 8/0-، 1-، 2/1-، 4/1- و 6/1- مگاپاسکال) ، شوری (0، 50، 100، 150، 200، 250، 300، 350 و 400 میلی مولار) و اسیدیته (3، 4، 5، 6، 7، 8، 9) در دمای مطلوب جوانه‌زنی در شرایط آزمایشگاه و تأثیر عمق کاشت (1، 2، 3، 5 و 7 سانتی‌متر) بر سبز‌شدن منداب در شرایط گلخانه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.

یافتهها:
جوانه‌زنی منداب در محدوده وسیعی از دماها اتفاق افتاد و دمای مطلوب چوانه زنی این گیاه 30 درجه سانتیگراد برآورد گردید. نتایج نشان داد منداب از توانایی بالایی در تحمل پتانسیل آب و شوری برخودار است. تنش خشکی و شوری که باعث کاهش 50 درصد جوانه‌زنی این گیاه شد، به‌ترتیب 36/13- بار و 53/267 میلی مولار بود. حداکثر درصد جوانه‌زنی در محدوده اسیدیته 7 به میزان 98 درصد مشاهده شد و در اسیدیته‌های بالا‌تر و پایین‌تر از 7 ، درصد و سرعت جوانه‌زنی کاهش یافت. بیش‌ترین درصد سبز‌شدن (95درصد) در عمق 2 سانتی‌متر مشاهده شد و با افزایش عمق کاشت از مقدار آن کاسته شد. به طورکلی نتایج بررسی حاضر نشان داد منداب پاییزه به سطوح مختلف دمای جوانه‌زنی، پتانسیل آب، شوری، اسیدیته و عمق کاشت واکنش‌ نشان می‌دهد. و از این پارامتر‌ها و روابط به‌دست آمده می‌توان برای پیش‌بینی زمان تا جوانه‌زنی و یا سبز‌شدن منداب در شرایط نرمال استفاده نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Studying the response of seed germination of neglected plant Arugula (Eruca sativa L.) to some environmental factors

نویسندگان [English]

  • A. SIAHMARGUEE 2
  • farshid ghaderifar 2
چکیده [English]

Introduction Arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) is an annual plant of Brassicaceae family, that grows in a wideareas of Iran from Sistan and Baluchistan in southeast to coast of the Caspian sea in north. This plant is known as a weed in some regions. However, it has attracted attentions in recent years due to various medicinal and forage uses, as well as having valuable traits such as high vegetative growth, high growth rate, excellent resistance to the biotic and abiotic stresses, and high genetic diversity. Considering the importance of the successful germination and seedling establish mention the survival of plants and also to achieve the optimal plant density of crops, and the effect of environmental factors on it, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of environmental factors such as temperature,water potential, salinity, pH and planting depth on the germination and emergence in Arugula.

Materials and Methods All experiments were conducted in randomized completely design with four replications Initial germination test revealed no dormancy of gathered seeds. In order to study the effects of temperature on germination percentage and rate, seeds were placed in cold incubators with temperatures of 2.5, 5, 10. 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 38 and 40 °C. The effect of water potential (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1, -1.2, -1.6 and -1.8MPa), salinity (0, 50, 150, 200, 250, 300 350 and 400 Mm) and pH (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) on seed germination were conducted under optimal temperature and effect of planting depth (1, 2, 3, 5, 7 cm) on seedling emergence was carried out in a greenhouse condition.

Results and Discussion Arugula seed germination occurred in a wide range of temperatures. Optimum temperatures for Arugulaseed germination were estimated 30.55 °C. Arugula showed a high tolerance to drought and salinity stresses. Drought and salinity stresses that reduces the germination of this plant to 50% were -13.36 MPa and 267.53 Mm, respectively.The maximum germination percentage (98%) was observed in pH 7 and any increase or decrease in pH resulted in decrease in germination percentage and rate. the highest emergence percentage (95%)were observed at a depth of 2cm, and further increase in seeding depth caused a decrease in emergence percentage.

Conclusions. In general, results of this study showed germination and emergence of winter rapeseed affected to different levels of temperature, water potential, salinity, acidity and placed planting depth. And these parameters can be used to predict the time to germination or emergence of Arugula in normal conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Brassicaceae
  • Drought
  • pH
  • Salinity

مراجع

1.Ataii Azimi, A., Delnavaz Hashemloyan, B. and Nasirisemnani, Sh. 2010. Stady of the
relevance between shape diversity and salinity tolerance of arugula plant (Eruca sativa).
J. Life Sci. (Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch), 10: 3. 85-97. (In Persian with English
Abstract)
2.Baskin, C.C. and Baskin, J.M. 1998. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of
Dormancy and Germination. New York: Academic Press. 212p.
3.Bradford, K.J. 2002. Applications of hydrothermal time to quantifying and modeling seed
germination and dormancy. Weed Sci. 50: 248-260.
4.Brar, G.S., Gomez, J.F., McMichael, B.L., Matches, A.G. and Taylor, H.M. 1991.
Germination of twenty forage legumes as influenced by temperature. Agron. J. 83: 173-175.
5.Chauhan, B.S., Gill, G. and Preston, Ch. 2006. African mustard (Brassica tournefortii )
germination in southern Australia. Weed Sci. 54: 891-897.
6.Chauhan, B.S., Gill, G. and Preston, Ch. 2006. Factors affecting turnipweed (Rapistrum
rugosum) seed germination in southern Australia. Weed Sci. 54: 6. 1032-1036.
7.Chauhan, B.S., Gill, G. and Preston, C. 2006. Factors affecting seed germination of annual
sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) in southern Australia. Weed Sci. 54: 854-860.
8.Fuladi, S., Goldani, M., Ghorbani, R. and Kafi, M. 2015. The effect of temperature on seed
germination and determine the temperature of Cardinal Rapistrum rugosum. J. Plant Prot.
29: 1. 72-78.
9.Ghaderifar, F., Galeshi, S. and Ahmadi, A. 2010. The effects of drought stress on germination
and seedling growth 9 varieties of trifolium (Trifolium subterrraneum L.). J. Iran Agric. Res.
8: 1. 61-68. (In Persian with English Abstract)
10.Ghaderifar, F., Alimagham, S.M., Rezaeimoghadam, H. and Haghighi, M. 2012. Influence of
environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of Rye (Secale cereale
L.) as a volunteer plant in wheat fields. J. Crop Prod. 5: 4. 121-133. (In Persian with English
Summary)
11.Jacobsen, S.E. and Bach, A.P. 1998. The influence of temperature on seed germination rate
inquinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). Seed Sci. Technol. 26: 515-523.
12.Jafari, N., Esfahani, M. and Saburi, A. 2011. Evaluation of non-linear regression models for
describing germination rate of the three varieties of rapeseed to temperature. Iran. J. Field
Crop Sci. 42: 4. 857-868.
13.JamaatiSomarin, S. and Zabihi Mahmoodabad Yari, A. 2010. Reaction of canola cultivars
(Brassica napus L.) to water deficit on seed germination and seedling growth stage. World
App. Sci. J. 10: 699-702.
14.Jamil, M., ChunLee, Ch., UrRehman, Sh., BaeLee, D., Ashraf, M. and ShikRha, E. 2005.
Salinity (NaCl) tolerance of brassica species at germination and early seedling growth.
Electronic Journal of Environment, Agric. Food Chem. 4: 4. 970-976.
15.Kafi, M. and Rahimi, Z. 2010. Investigation the effect of different salinity levels on
germination characteristics of Portulac aoleracea L. Iran. J. Field Crops Res. 8: 4. 615-621.
(In Persian with English Abstract)
16.Kafi, M., Kamkar, B. and Mahdavi-Damghani, A. 2003. Crop Responses to Environment.
Edited by A.E. Hall. (Translated book), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press, 372p.
17.Kamaha, C. and Maguire, J.D. 1992. Effect of temperature on germination of six winter
wheat cultivars. Seed Sci. Technol. 20: 181-185.
18.Khalili, N. 2012. Predicting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) emergence. M.Sc. Thesis,
Faculty of Plant, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Gorgan, Iran.
(In Persian with English Abstract)
19.Khazai, H.R., Nezami, A., Eshghizadeh, H.R., Riyahiniya, Sh. and Shojai, K. 2012.
Germination and seedling growth characteristics of genotypes of triticale (Triticale
hexaploide Lart) affected by different potentials due to drought and salinity. Iran. J. Field
Crops Res. 10: 1. 33-44. (In Persian with English Abstract)
20.Koger, C.H., Reddy, K.N. and Poston, D.H. 2004. Factors affecting seed germination, seedling
emergence and survival of texas weed (Caperonia palustris). Weed Sci. 52: 989-995.
21.Lafond, G.P. and Baker, R.J. 1986. Effects of genotype and seed size on speed of emergence
and seedling vigor in nine spring wheat cultivars. Crop Sci. 26: 341-346.
22.Latifi, N., Soltani, A. and Espaner, D. 2010. The cannula germination response to
temperature variation. Iran. J. Agric. Sci. 35: 2. 313-321.
23.Mennan, H. and Ngouajio, M. 2006. Seasonal cycles in germination and seedling emergence
of summer and winter populations of catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine) and wild
mustard (Brassica kaber). Weed Sci. 54: 114-120.
24.Michel, B.E. and Kaufmann, M.R. 1973. The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000.
Plant Physiol. 51: 914-916.
25.Mohamadi-Ruzbahani, M. and Abedi-Kupai, J. 2009. Assessing the application of
hypere kimulator plants in monitoring soils infected with nickel. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.
11: 4. 449-457. (In Persian with English Abstract)
26.Morales, M. and Janick, J. 2002. Arugula: A promising specialty leaf vegetable. P 418-423,
In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (eds.), Trends in New Crops and New Uses. ASHS Press,
Alexan-dria, VA.
27.Nezami, A., Nabati, J., Kafi, M. and Mohseni-Bababdani, M. 2009. Evaluation of salt
tolerance the emergence and seedling stage Kochia (Kochia scoparia). J. Environ. Stress
Crop Sci. 1: 1. 69-76. (In Persian with English Abstract)
28.Nozari-Nejad, M., Zeinali, E., Soltani, A., Soltani, E. and Kamkar, B. 2012. Quantify wheat
germination rate response to temperature and water potential. J. Crop Prod. 6: 4. 117-135.
(In Persian with English Abstract)
29.Okcu, G., Kaya, M.D. and Atak, M. 2005. Effects of salt and drought stresses on germination
and seedling growth of Pea (Pisum sativum L.). Turk. J. Agric. Forest. 29: 237-242.
30.Omidi, H., Khazaei, F., Hamzi-Alvanagh, S. and Heidari-Sharifabad, H. 2009. Improvement
of seed germination traits in canola (Brassica napus L.) as affected by saline and drought
stresses. J. Plant Ecophysiol. 3: 151-158.
31.Padulosi, S. 1995. The Rocket Genetic Resources Network. International Plant Genetic
Resource In stitute, Rome, Italy.
32.Rao, N., Dong, L., Li, J. and Zhang, H. 2008. Influence of environmental factors on seed
germination and emergence of American slough grass (Beckmannia syzigachne). Weed Sci.
55: 264-272.
33.Salimi, H. 2011. Effect of osmotic potential and soil moisture on seed germination and
seedling emergence of different ecotypes of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). Iran. J.
Weed Sci. 7: 2. 89-94.
34.Samsam-Shariat, H. 2007. Selection of Medicinal Herbs. Mani Publishing, Isfahan. Iran.
35.Soltani, E., Galeshi, S., Kamkar, B. and Akramghaderi, F. 2008. Modeling seed aging effects
onthe response of germination to temperature in wheat. Seed Sci. Biotechnol. 2: 32-36.
36.Soltani, E., Soltani, A., Galeshi, S., Ghaderi-Far, F. and Zeinali, E. 2014. Quantification
of seedling emergence of volunteer canola and wild mustard under various burial depths.
Iran. J. Seed Res. 1: 1-10. (In Persian with English Abstract)
37.Soltani, E., Soltani, A., Galeshi, S., Ghaderi-Far, F. and Zeinali, E. 2013. Seed germination
modeling of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) as affected by temperature and water
potential: hydrothermal time model. J. Plant Prod. 20: 1. 19-34. (In Persian with English
Abstract)
38.Susko, D.J. and Hussein, Y. 2008. Factors affecting germination and emergence of dame,s
rocket (Hesperis matronalis). Weed Sci. 56: 389-393.
39.Valadiani, A., Hassanzadeh, A. and Tajbakhsh, M. 2005. Effects of salinity stress on seed
germination and seedling growth of new and high yielding varieties winter canola (Brassica
napus L.). J. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 66: 23-32.
40.Waldman, M. and Shevah, Y. 2000. Biological diversity, an overview. Water, Air, Soil
Pollution, 123: 299-310.
41.Wang, R., Bai, Y. and Tanino, K. 2005. Germination of in treats seeds at reduced water
potential: testing assumptions of hydrothermal time model. Environ. Exp. Bot. 53: 49-63.
42.Wei, S., Zhang, C., Li, X., Cui, H., Huang, H., Sui, B., Meng, Q. and Zhang, H. 2009.
Factors affecting Buffalobur (Solanum rostratum) seed germination and seedling emergence.
Weed Sci. 57: 521-525.
43.Young, K. and Cousens, R. 1999. Factors affecting the germination and emergence of wild
radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) and their effect on management options. 12th ed, Australian
Weeds Conference on Papers and Proceedings. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, Pp: 179-182.
44.Zeinali, E., Soltani, A. and Galeshi, S. 2002. Response of germination components to salinity
stress in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Iran. J. Agric. Sci. 33: 1. 137-145. (In Persian with
English Abstract)
45.Zhou, J., Deckard, E. and Ahrens, W.H. 2005. Factor affecting germination of hairy
nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides) seeds. Weed Sci. 53: 41-45.

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار