اثر کاربرد کودهای زیستی و شیمیایی فسفره بر عملکرد گل، درصد اسانس و تنظیم کننده‌های اسمزی گیاه دارویی بابونه در واکنش به تنش کم‌آبی

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل ، زابل، ایران

2 دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل

3 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: مصرف نهاده‌های شیمیایی علاوه بر آلودگی آب و خاک و کاهش کیفیت محصولات زراعی و دارویی، سبب مشکلات زیست‌محیطی نیز گردیده است. امروزه استفاده از کودهای زیستی به‌عنوان جایگزین مناسب برای کودهای شیمیایی با هدف بهبود حاصلخیزی خاک و تولید پایدار مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. تنش خشکی از جمله تنش‌های محیطی مهم است که با تاثیرگذاری بر رشد و نمو گیاهان می‌‌تواند سبب کاهش رشد و تولید ماده خشک گیاهان دارویی شود. این آزمایش به بررسی تعیین مناسب‌ترین میزان مصرف کودهای زیستی و شیمیایی فسفره بر عملکرد گل خشک، درصد اسانس و تنظیم کننده‌های اسمزی در گیاه دارویی بابونه در واکنش به تنش کم‌آبی می‌پردازد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه زابل واقع در چاه نیمه انجام شد. عامل اصلی تنش کم‌آبی شامل: آبیاری بر اساس 90، 70 و 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و عامل فرعی انواع کود فسفره در چهار سطح شامل: عدم مصرف کود به‌عنوان تیمار شاهد، 100 درصد کود فسفره شیمیایی، 50 درصد کود شیمیایی فسفره + کود زیستی (فسفات بارور2) و کود زیستی فسفات بارور2 در نظر گرفته شدند. ویژگی‌های از قبیل عملکرد گل خشک، کلروفیل کل برگ، کربوهیدرات محلول، درصد اسانس، پرولین، کاروتنوئید، فسفر و پتاسیم مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای تجزیه و تحلیل آماری داده‌های حاصل از نرم‌افزار SAS استفاده شد و مقایسه میانگین‌ها به کمک آزمون چند دامنه‌‍‌ای دانکن در سطح احتمال پنج درصد انجام گرفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که میزان پتاسیم و کربوهیدرات تحت تأثیر تنش کم‌آبی و کود فسفره قرار گرفتند. با افزایش شدت تنش خشکی از تیمار آبیاری پس از 90 درصد ظرفیت زراعی (شاهد) تا تیمار آبیاری پس از 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی از میزان عنصر پتاسیم کاسته و بر میزان کربوهیدرات محلول افزوده شد و کاربرد 50 درصد کودهای فسفره شیمیایی و زیستی نیز بیشترین تأثیر مثبت را بر آن‌ها داشت. برهمکنش تنش کم‌آبی و کود فسفره بر عملکرد گل خشک، درصد اسانس، پرولین، کلروفیل کل برگ، کاروتنوئید و فسفر معنی‌دار شد. بیشترین عملکرد گل خشک، کلروفیل کل برگ و فسفر از تیمار آبیاری بر اساس 90 درصد ظرفیت زراعی با کاربرد تلفیقی کودهای فسفره شیمیایی و زیستی و بیشترین درصد اسانس، پرولین و کاروتنوئید از تیمار تنش شدید کم‌آبی با کاربرد تلفیقی کودهای فسفره شیمیایی و زیستی حاصل شد. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین عملکرد گل خشک (420 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به تیمار آبیاری پس از 90 درصد ظرفیت زراعی با کاربرد تلفیقی کودهای فسفره شیمیایی و زیستی و بیشترین درصد اسانس (846/0 درصد) و پرولین (95/13میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن تازه) به تیمار آبیاری پس از 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی توام با کود تلفیقی تعلق داشت.
نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج این آزمایش، برای بهبود ویژگی‌های کیفی گیاه دارویی بابونه کاربرد تلفیقی کودهای فسفره شیمیایی و زیستی توام با تنش کم‌آبی مناسب خواهد بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers application on flower yield, essential oil percentage and osmatic adjustments of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) in response to water deficit stress

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mhsomeh Khatami 1
  • Mohammad Galavi 3
1 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
3 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Application of chemical fertilizers besides contaminating the water and soil resources, and reducing the quality of agricultural and medicinal products has created serious environmental issues. Thus, to improve the soil fertility and for sustainable production, application of bio-fertilizers as an alternative to the chemical fertilizers have been widely promoted. Drought stress is an important environmental stress that reduces the growth and dry matter production of the medicinal plants, although increasing the effective ingredients production. This experiment was conducted to determine the most suitable amount of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers on dry flower yield, essential oil percentage, and osmotic adjustments of chamomile in response to water-deficit.
Materials and methods: The study was conducted at agricultural research institute of University of Zabol in 2016. The experiment was designed as a split plot using randomized complete blocks with three replicates. The main plots were different levels of water stress regulated by irrigation at 90, 70 and 50% of the field capacity (FC). The subplots were four levels of phosphorus fertilizers application including 100% chemical phosphorus fertilizer, 50% phosphate fertilizer and 50% bio-fertilizers (Phosphate B-2), 100% bio-fertilizer (Phosphate B-2), and the control plot without any fertilizer application. Properties such as flower yield, total leaf chlorophyll, soluble carbohydrate, essential oil percentage, proline, carotenoid, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were evaluated. After the data collection, SAS program was used for statistical analysis and means were separated according to the least significant difference (DMRT) at 0.05 level of probability.
Results: Results showed that K and soluble carbohydrate were affected by the water stress and phosphorus fertilizer application. Increasing the water stress intensity from 90% of FC (control) to 50% of FC reduced the K uptake and increased the soluble carbohydrate content. The combined application of chemical and biological fertilizers showed the most positive effects. Interaction of the water stress and phosphorus fertilizer application showed significant impacts on dry flower yield, essential oil percentage, proline, total leaf chlorophyll, carotenoids and P content. The highest dry flower yield, total leaf chlorophyll and P were obtained from the control plot and the treatment with integrated application of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers. The highest essential oil percentage, proline and carotenoids were obtained from the treatments with severe water stress and with combined application of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers. Results showed that the highest dry flower yield (420 kg.ha-1) was related to irrigation after 90% of FC along with the integrated application of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers and the highest essential oil percentage (0.846%) and proline (13.95 mg g-1FW) was belong to irrigation after 50% of FC along with integrated application of chemical and biological phosphorous fertilizer.
Conclusion: According to these results, to improve the qualitative charactertics of chamomile medicinal plant, integrated application of chemical and biological fertilizer along with water stress would be appropriate.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Flower production
  • Proline
  • Essential oil percentage
  • Phosphate barvare-2
  • Pigment

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پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 25، شماره 4
بهمن 1397
صفحه 119-132

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