تاثیرگذاری سامانه‌های مختلف تغذیه‌ای بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد کنجد(Sesamum indicum L.) در شرایط رقابت و عدم رقابت با علف‌های ‌هرز

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه زراعت، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری

2 گروه زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری

3 استادیار گروه خاکشناسی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کشاورزی پایدار با رعایت اصول بوم‌شناختی می‌تواند ضمن ایجاد توازن در محیط ‌زیست، کارایی استفاده از منابع را افزایش دهد و زمینه بهره‌وری طولانی‌تر را برای انسان فراهم آورد (43). کاربرد کودهای آلی با هدف جایگزینی یا کاهش قابل ملاحظه در مصرف کودهای شیمیایی، موجب افزایش کیفیت و عملکرد در تولید پایدار گیاهان می‌شود. کنجد یکی از گیاهان دانه روغنی و دارویی مهم در کشاورزی نواحی گرم به‌شمار می‌رود که به‌دلیل داشتن درصد روغن و پروتئین بالا و مواد آنتی‌اکسیدان در غذا، مکمل‌های غذایی، دارو و صنعت استفاده می‌شود. لذا این پژوهش به‌منظور ارزیابی سامانه‌‌های مختلف تغذیه آلی و زیستی بر عمکرد و اجزای عملکرد کنجد در شرایط رقابت و عدم رقابت با علف‌های هرز انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش حاضر در سال 1394 در مزرعه آموزشی و پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد؛ که عامل اصلی رقابت گیاه زراعی و علف‌های هرز (در دو سطح آلودگی علف هرز و وجین) و عامل فرعی منابع کودی شامل: کود دامی، کود کبوتر، ورمی‌کمپوست، کود زیستی نیتروکارا، کود دامی + کود زیستی، کود کبوتر + کود زیستی، ورمی‌کمپوست + کود زیستی، کود شیمیایی اوره و شاهد بودند. علف‌های هرز غالب شناسایی شده در مزرعه گاوپنبه (Abutilon theophrassti L.)، سوروف (Echinochloa crusgalli L.)، پنجه مرغی (Cynodon dactylon)، خربزه وحشی (Cucumis melo var. Agrestis) بودند. صفات مورد بررسی در این آزمایش شامل: عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد کنجد، تراکم و زیست توده علف‌های هرز و همچنین شاخص‌های رقابتی بود.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بالاترین عملکرد دانه در واحد سطح (2992 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار تلفیقی کود دامی و کود زیستی و همچنین بالاترین شاخص برداشت (44 درصد) در تیمار تلفیقی ورمی‌کمپوست و کود زیستی بدون رقابت با علف‌های هرز مشاهده شد؛ درحالیکه، کمترین عملکرد در تیمار شاهد و در شرایط رقابت با علف‌های هرز مشاهده گردید. همچنین تراکم و زیست توده علف‌های هرز تحت تاثیر منابع نیتروژن نسبت به تیمار شاهد اختلاف معنی‌داری را نشان داد. در بررسی توانایی تحمل رقابت (AWC) نتایج نشان داد که از نظر توانایی تحمل رقابت با علف‌های هرز تیمار کود کبوتری بالاترین توانایی رقابت با علف ‌هرز را داشت. قدرت رقابتی بوته کنجدی که با کود کبوتری تغذیه شده بود نسبت به سایر تیمار‌ها بیشتر بوده و مشاهده شد که بعد از کود کبوتری، کاربرد تلفیقی کود‌ها با بالا بردن عملکرد گیاه کنجد، قدرت رقابتی را نیز افزایش داد.
نتیجه‌گیری: در نهایت با استناد به نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش می‌توان این گونه نتیجه گرفت که به‌کارگیری تلفیقی کودها ضمن بالا بردن رشد کنجد و نیز نداشتن عواقب سوء زیست محیطی، با کاهش وزن خشک علف‌های‌ هرز موجب کاهش خسارت علف‌ هرز و همین‌طور کاهش مصرف علف‌کش گردیده، به همین دلیل روش مناسبی برای تولید سالم و پایدار این گونه محصولات می‌باشد.
واژه‌های کلیدی: تنش رقابتی، کنجد، کود زیستی، کودآلی.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of different nutritional systems on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in competition and non- competition with weeds

نویسندگان [English]

  • Faezeh Zaefarian 1
  • Homa Karimi 2
  • mostafa emadi 3
1 ِDepartment of Agronomy, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Universoty
2 Department of Agronomy, Sari Agricultural Sciencesand Natural Resources
3 Assistant Professor Department of Soil Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Sustainable agriculture, with respecting ecological principles, can increase the efficiency of resources use and provide a longer-term benefit to humans, while providing a balance in the environment. The application of organic fertilizers with a view of replacing or significantly reducing the use of chemical fertilizers increases the quality and quantity of plants yield. Sesame is one of the most important oily and pharmaceutic seeds in agricultural areas, which is due to its high oil and protein content and antioxidant content in food, food supplements, medicine and industry. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the various organic and biological nutrient systems on yield and yield components of sesame under competition and non-competition with weeds.
Materials and method: This experiment was conducted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design in three replications in Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2015. The treatments consisted of: competition between plants and weeds (weedy and weed free) as a main factor, and sub factor was fertilizer sources include sheep manure, pigeon manure, vermicompost fertilizer, bio-fertilizer (Nytrukara), sheep manure + biofertilizers, pigeon manure + biofertilizers, vermicompost + biofertilizer, urea fertilizer and control (no fertilizer). Dominant weeds were identified in the field as velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrassti L.), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli L.), bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) and wild melon (Cucumis melo var. Agrestis).The studied traits included yield and yield components of sesame, weed density and weed biomass and competitive indices.
Results: The results showed that the highest yield per unit area (2992 kg ha-1) was observed in the integrated treatment of sheep manure and Nytrvkara and the maximum harvest index (44 percent) was in integrated treatment of vermicompost and Nytrvkara in weed free condition, while, the lowest ones was at control in weed infestation. Also, nitrogen sources showed significant differences in weed density and biomass compared to control. In examining the ability to withstand competition (AWC), the results showed that the ability to compete with weeds tolerant, pigeon manure treatment had the highest ability to compete with weeds, while, after a pigeon manure, integrated managements enhance performance, as well as increased competitiveness.
Conclusion: Finally, based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the combined use of fertilizers, with increasing sesame growth and no environmental side effect, reduces dry weight of weeds, reduces weed damage and also reduces the use of herbicides. So, it is a suitable method for the healthy and sustainable production of these products.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biofertilizer
  • Competitive stress
  • Fertilizers organic
  • Sesame

مراجع

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پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 26، شماره 4
اسفند 1398
صفحه 61-77

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