اثر تنش‌های خشکی و شوری بر کیفیت گل، تغییرات بیوشیمیایی و غلظت یون‌ها در گل نرگس شهلا (Narcissus tazzeta cv. ‘Shahla’)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران

2 استادیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: گل نرگس یکی از مهم‌ترین گیاهان زینتی و دارویی است که گونه‌های مختلف آن در سرتاسر دنیا به جز مناطق گرمسیری رشد می‌کنند. نرگس شهلا گیاهی سوخ‌دار و چندساله است که از آن به عنوان گل شاخه بریده، باغچه‌ای و گلدانی استفاده می‌شود. با توجه به اینکه گل نرگس شهلا یکی از محصولات مهم اقتصادی و زیر کشت در ایران است و از طرف دیگر بحران خشکسالی و شوری آب‌ و خاک از مشکلات جدی بخش تولید در کشاورزی است، آگاهی از میزان تحمل این گیاه به تنش‌های خشکی و شوری به منظور تولید بهینه محصول، امری ضروری است. این پژوهش با هدف مطالعه تأثیر توأم تنش‌های خشکی و شوری بر برخی از خصوصیات زایشی، بیوشیمیایی و غلظت یون‌های سدیم و پتاسیم گل نرگس انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش گلدانی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتور اول تنش خشکی در چهار سطح 90 (شاهد)، 70، 50 و 30 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و فاکتور دوم تنش شوری آب آبیاری ناشی از کلرید سدیم در چهار سطح صفر (شاهد)،20، 40 و 60 میلی‌مولار بودند. اعمال تیمار‌های خشکی و شوری حدود 4 ماه به طول انجامید و سپس صفات مورد نظر اندازه‌گیری شدند. صفات مورد بررسی شامل تعداد گل، قطر گل، کلروفیل کل، کاروتنوئید و فلاونوئید برگ، آنزیم‌های کاتالاز و گایاکول پراکسیداز برگ و مقادیر عناصر سدیم و پتاسیم برگ و سوخ بودند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد اثر تنش‌های خشکی و شوری و اثر متقابل آن‌ها بر تعداد گل معنی‌دار نبود؛ ولی این تنش‌ها سبب کاهش قطر گل شدند. بیشترین و کمترین قطر گل به ترتیب از تیمارهای شاهد و تنش خشکی 30 درصد ظرفیت زراعی همراه با شوری 60 میلی‌مولار بدست آمد. اثر متقابل تنش‌های شوری و خشکی بر محتوای کلروفیل کل معنی‌دار و کاهشی بود. به‌طوری‌که تیمار 60 میلی‌مولار کلرید سدیم همراه با 30 درصد ظرفیت زراعی باعث کاهش 72 درصدی کلروفیل کل نسبت به شاهد شد. تنش‌های شوری و خشکی سبب کاهش محتوای کاروتنوئید برگ شدند، به‌طوری‌که مقدار این صفت در شدیدترین سطوح شوری و خشکی، به ترتیب 26 و 25 درصد در مقایسه با شاهد کاهش یافت. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش سطوح تنش شوری و خشکی میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های کاتالاز و گایاکول پراکسیداز افزایش یافت، به‌طوری‌که بیشترین فعالیت آنزیمی از بالاترین سطوح (شوری 60 میلی‌مولار و 30 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه) بدست آمد. در اثر متقابل دو تنش، بیشترین میزان فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز مربوط به تیمار 60 میلی‌مولار همراه با 30 درصد ظرفیت زراعی با افزایش 5/4 برابری نسبت به شاهد بدست آمد. با افزایش تنش‌ شوری و خشکی میزان پتاسیم برگ و سوخ کاهش یافت، ولی سدیم برگ و سوخ، با افزایش تنش‌ها به ویژه تنش شوری، افزایش یافت.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که همه سطوح تنش‌های خشکی و شوری موجب افزایش و بهبود فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی (کاتالاز و گایاکول پراکسیداز) و غیر آنزیمی (فلاونوئید کل) گل نرگس شد؛ اما تحت شرایط تنش خشکی و شوری، قطر گل، میزان کاروتنوئید و کلروفیل کل کاهش یافتند. تحت شرایط تنش شوری و خشکی، میزان تجمع سدیم در برگ در مقایسه با سوخ، بیشتر بود. نتایج نشان داد حساسیت گیاه نرگس نسبت به تنش شوری بیشتر از خشکی بود که با کاربرد همزمان دو تنش، اثرات منفی تشدید شد. به‌طور کلی، نتایج نشان داد که کشت گل نرگس تا سطح رطوبتی 70 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و شوری آب آبیاری حدود 3 دسی زیمنس بر متر تأثیر منفی قابل توجهی بر عملکرد و کیفیت گیاه نداشت و قابل توصیه است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of drought and salinity stress on flower quality, biochemical changes and ions concentration of Narcissus tazetta cv. ‘Shahla’

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Naseri Moghadam 1
  • Hassan Bayat 2
  • Mohamad Hossein Aminifard 2
  • Farid Moradinezhad 3
1 M.Sc. Student, Dept. of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
2 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
3 Associate Prof., Dept. of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives
Narcissus that is one of the most important ornamental and medicinal plants that its various species are grown in throughout the world except for tropical regions. Narcissus cv. Shahla is a perennial bulbous plants which is used as cut flower, garden and pot plant. Considering that the narcissus plant is one of the most important economic and cultivating crop in Iran. On the other hand, the drought crisis and salinity of water and soil are one of the serious problems of agricultural production. Knowledge of the tolerance of this plant to drought and salinity stresses in order to produce optimal product is essential. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of drought and salinity stresses on some reproductive and biochemical chracteristics and sodium and potassium ion concentrations of N. tazzeta flower.
Materials and methods
This pot research was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design, with 3 replications. The first factor was drought stress at four levels of 90% (control), 70%, 50% and 30% field capacity (FC), and the second factor was salinity stress of irrigation water caused by sodium chloride at four levels of 0 (control), 20, 40 and 60 mM. Application of drought and salinity treatments lasted about 4 months and then the traits were measured. The investigated traits were included flower number, flower diameter, total chlorophyll content, carotenoid and total flavonoids of leaf, activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes of leaf, and the sodium and potassium elements of leaf and bulb.
Results
The results showed that the effect of drought and salinity stresses and their interaction on flower number was not significant, but these stresses reduced flower diameter. The highest and lowest flower diameter was obtained from control and 60 mM NaCl × 30% FC treatments. The simple effects of salinity and drought stresses and their interaction on total chlorophyll content was significant and decreased, so that 60 mM NaCl × 30% FC treatment reduced total chlorophyll content by 72% compared to control. Salinity and drought stress reduced leaf carotenoid content, so that the amount of this trait at the highest levels of salinity and drought decreased by 26 and 25% respectively, compared with the control. The results showed that with increasing levels of salinity and drought stress, the activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes increased, so that the highest enzyme activity was obtained from the highest levels (salinity 60 mM and 30% field capacity). In the interaction of two stresses, the highest activity of catalase enzyme was obtained from 60 mM × 30% FC with a 4.5-fold increase compared to the control. With increasing salinity and drought stress, the amount of potassium in leaves and bulb decreased, but the sodium content of leaf and bulb increased with increasing stresses level, especially salinity stress.
Conclusion
The results showed that all levels of drought and salinity stress improved the antioxidant enzymes (catalase and guaiacol peroxidase) and non-enzyme (total flavonoid) of N. tazetta flower, but under drought and salinity stress conditions, flower diameter, carotenoid and total chlorophyll content decreased. Under the conditions of salinity and drought stresses, the amount of sodium accumulation in the leaves was higher than that of the bulb. The results showed that the sensitivity of N. tazetta plant to salinity stress was more than drought, which was exacerbated by simultaneous application of two stresses. In general, the results showed that cultivation of N. tazetta flower up to 70% FC and iriigation salinity about 3 dS/m did not have a significant negative effect on yield and plant quality and it is recommended.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Catalase
  • Flower diameter
  • Flower number
  • Guaiacol peroxidase
  • Total chlorophyll

مراجع

1.Abdolmohammadi, S. and Omidi, J. 2017. The effect of salicylic acid onsome morphological and physiological traits under salinity stress (Catharanthus roseus). Agric. Res. 9: 3. 28-39. (In Persian)
2.Agarwal, S. and Pandey, V. 2004. Antioxidant enzyme responses to NaCl stress in Cassia angustifolia. Biol. Plant. 48: 4. 555-560.
3.Amiri Deh Ahmadi, S.R., Rezvani Moghaddam, P. and Ehyaee, H.R.2012. The effect of drought stresson morphological traits and yield of three medicinal plants (Coriandrum sativum, Foeniculum vulgare and Anethum graveolens) in greenhouse condition. Iranian J. Field Crops Res. 10: 116-124. (In Persian)
4.Arnon, D.I. 1949. Copper enzymesin isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24: 1. 1-15.
5.Bahadoran, M. and Salehi, H. 2015. Growth and flowering of two tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) cultivars under deficit irrigation by saline water. J. Agr. Sci. Tech. 17: 415-426.
6.Bartels, D. and Sunkar, R. 2005. Drought and salt tolerance in plants. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 24: 23-58.
7.Beers, G.R. and Sizer, I.V. 1952. A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J. Biol. Chem. 195: 133-140.
8.Ben Ahmed, C., Ben Rouina, B., Sensoy, S., Boukhris, M. and Ben Abdallah, F. 2009. Changes in gas exchange, proline accumulation and antioxidative enzyme activities in three olive cultivars under contrasting water availability regimes. Environ. Exp. Bot. 67: 2. 345-352.
9.Blokhina, O., Virolanen, E. and Fagestedt, K.V. 2003. Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress. Ann. Bot. 91: 179-194.
10.Boursier, P. and Läuchli, A. 1990. Growth responses and mineral nutrient relations of salt-stressed sorghum. Crop Sci. 30: 1226-1233.
11.Bruce, W.B., Edmeades, G.O. and Barker, T.C. 2002. Molecular and physiological approaches to maize improvement for drought tolerance. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 13-25.
12.Bybordi, A. 2010. Effects of salinity on yield and component characters in canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Not. Sci. Biol. 2: 1. 81-83.
13.Chang, C., Yang, M., Wen, H. and Chern, J. 2003. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J. Food Drug. Anal. 10: 3. 178-182.
14.Chalker-Scott, L. 2002. Do anthocyanins function as osmoregulators in leaf tissues? Adv. Bot. Res. 37: 103-106.
15.Chinnusamy, V., Jagendorf, A. and Zhu, J.K. 2005. Understanding and improving salt tolerance in plants. Crop Sci.
45: 437-448.
16.Ebrahimi, M., Zamani, G. and Alizadeh, Z. 2017. A study on the effects ofwater deficit on physiological and yield-related traits of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iran J. Med. Aromat. Plants. 33: 3. 492-508. (In Persian)
17.Egert, M. and Tevini, M. 2002. Influence of drought on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress in leaves of chives (Allium schoenoprasum). Environ. Exp. Bot. 48: 43-49.
18.Foyer, C.H. and Noctor, G. 2000. Oxygen processing in photosynthesis: regulation and signaling. New Phytol. 146: 359-388.
19.Fu, J. and Huang, B. 2001. Involvement of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in the adaptation of two cool season grasses to localized drought stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 45: 105-114.
20.Ghassemi, F., Jakeman, J. and Nix, H. 1995. Salinization of land and water resources. University of New South Wales Press ltd, Canberra, Australia.
21.Greenway, H. and Munss, R. 1980. Mechanisms of salt tolerance in nonhalophytes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 31: 141-190.
22.Ghorbanli, M., Bakhshi Khaniki, Gh. and Zakeri, A. 2012. Investigation on the effects of water stress on antioxidant compounds of Linum usitatissimum L. Iran J. Med. Aromat. Plants. 27: 4. 647-658. (In Persian)
23.Guerfel, M., Baccouri, O., Boujnah, D., Chaibi, W. and Zarrouk, M. 2009. Impacts of water stress on gas exchange, water relations, chlorophyll content and leaf structure in the two main Tunisian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars. Sci. Hort. 119: 257-263.
24.Hasegawa, P.M., Bressan, R.A., Zhu, J.K. and Bohnert, H.J. 2000. Plant cellular and molecular responses tohigh salinity. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.51: 463-499.
25.Hirt, H. and Shinozaki, K. 2004. Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress. Springer, Vienna, Austria.
26.Kabiri, R., Nasibi, F. and Farah Bakhsh, H. 2013. Study of some oxidative parameters induced by drought stress in Nigella sativa under hydroponic culture. J. Plant Proc. Fun. 2: 3. 11-19.
27.Kingsbury, R.W., Epestin, E. and Pearcy, R.W. 1983. Physiological responses to salinity in selected lines of wheat. J. Plant Physiol. 74: 417-423.
28.Kinghorn, A.D. 1987. Biologically active compounds from plants with reputed medicinal and sweetening properties. J. Nat. Prod. 50: 6. 1009-1024.
29.Li, X.F., Shao, X.H., Deng, X.J., Wang, Y., Zhang, X.P., Jia, L.Y. and Xu, L. 2012. Necessity of high temperature for the dormancy release of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis. J. Plant Physil. 169: 14. 1340-1347.
30.Liu, T. and Staden, J. 2001. Growth rate, water relation and ion accumulation of soybean callus lines differing in salinity tolerance under salinity stress and its subsequent relief. Plant Growth Reg.
34: 227-285.
31.Macadam, J.W., Nelson, C.J. and Sharp, R.E. 1992. Peroxidase activity in the leaf elongation zone of tall fescue: I. Spatial distribution of ionically bound peroxidase activity in genotypes differing in length of the elongation zone. Plant Physiol. 99: 3. 872-878.
32.Mahajan, S. and Tuteja, N. 2005. Cold, salinity and drought stresses: an overview. J. Arch. Bioch. Biophys.444: 2. 139-158.
33.Muller, T., Luttchwager, D. and Lentzsch, P. 2010. Recovery from drought stress at the shooting stage in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). J. Agron. Crop Sci. 196: 81-89.
34.Munns, R. 1993. Physiological process limiting plant growth in saline soils: some damages and hypothesis. Plant Cell Env. 16: 15-24.
35.Nakhaei, F., Khalighi, A., Naseri, M. and Abroumand, P. 2008. The investigation of chemical components in essential oil of Narcissus tazetta L. flowers under farm and natural conditions in south khorasan. Hortic. Sci. 22: 123-131. (In Persian)
36.Noctor, G., Veljovic-Jovanovic, S.D., Driscoll, S., Novitskaya, L. and Foyer, C.H. 2002. Drought and oxidative load in wheat leaves. A predominant role for photorespiration. Ann. Bot. 89: 841-850.
37.Parida, A. and Das, A.B. 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants:a review. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.60: 324-349.
38.Peltzer, D., Dreyer, E. and Polle, A. 2002. Temperature dependencies of antioxidative enzymes in two contrasting species. J. Plant Biochem. Physiol. 40: 141-50.
39.Rostami, M., Mohammad Parast, B. and Golpham, R. 2013. Effect of different levels of salinity stress on leaf concentrations of saffron leaves (Crocus sativus L.). National Conference on Agricultural Science and Technology, Malayer, Malayer University. (In Persian)
40.Sairam, R.K., Veerabharda, K. and Srivastava, G.C. 2002. Differential response of wheat genotype to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress. Antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Sci. 163: 1037-1046.
41.Sangtarash, M.H., Qaderi, M.M., Chinnappa, C.C. and Reid, D.M. 2009. Carotenoid differential sensitivity of canola (Brassica napus) seedlings to ultraviolet-B radiation, water stressand abscisic acid. Environ. Exp. Bot.66: 2. 212-219.
42.Seyoum, A., Asres, K. and El-Fiky, F.K. 2006. Structure radical scavenging activity relationships of flavonoid. Phyto Chem. 67: 18. 2058-2070.
43.Setayesh-Mehr, Z. and Ganjeali, A. 2013. Effects of drought stress on growth and physiological characteristics of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Hort. Sci. 27: 1. 27-35. (In Persian)
44.Shirazi, M.U., Ashraf, M.Y., Khan, M.A. and Naqvi, M.H. 2005. Potassium induced salinity tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 2: 233-236.
45.Soleimani, S., Bernard, F., Amini, M. and Khavari-nezhad, R. 2007. Alkaloids from Narcissus tazetta L. J. Med. Physoil. 4: 24. 58-63. (In Persian)
46.Soleimannejad, Z., Abdolzadeh, A. and Sadeghi Pour, H. 2014. Effects of salinity on growth, antioxidant enzymes activity and ions accumulation in Puccinellia distans. Iranian J. Ran. Des. Res. 21: 1. 83-94. (In Persian)
47.Szabolcs, I. 1992. Salinization ofsoils and water and its relationto desertification. Desertif. Con. Bull.21: 32-37.
48.Talebi, S., Mortazavi, S. and Sharafi, Y. 2015. Short communication: Effect of salinity on some morphophysiological traits of Zinnia elegans. Environ. Stress Crop Sci. 7: 2. 277-279. (In Persian)
49.Tester, M. and Davenport, R. 2003. Na+ tolerance Na+ transport in higher plants. Ann. Bot. 91: 503-527.
50.Urbanek, H., Kuzniak-Gebarowska, E. and Herka, K. 1991. Elicitation of defense responses in bean leaves by Botrytis cinerea polyglacturonase. Acta. Physiol. Plant. 13: 43-50.
51.van Dort, H.M., Jagers, P.P., ter Heide, R. and van der Weerdt, A.J. 1993. Narcissus trevithian and Narcissus geranium: analysis and synthesis of compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem.41: 11. 2063-2075.
52.Venkatesan, A. and Sridevi, S. 2009. Response of antioxidant metabolism to NaCl stress in the halophyte Salicornia brachiata roxb. J. Phytol. 4: 242-248.
53.Veatch-Blohm, M.E., Chen, D. and Hassett, M. 2013. Narcissus cultivar differences in response to saline irrigation when application began either pre- or postemergence. Hort. Sci.48: 3. 322-329.
54.William, H. 2000. Official methods of analysis of AOAC international. 17nd ed. USA: AOAC International. 100p.
پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 27، شماره 1
اردیبهشت 1399
صفحه 207-221

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار