واکاوی عملکرد ارقام جدید گندم نان بر اساس شاخص‌های زراعی- اقلیمی تحت تاریخ کاشت‌های مختلف در گنبد

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گلستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، گرگان، ایران

2 استادیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

3 کارشناس بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گلستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، گرگان، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تعیین تاریخ کاشت دقیق، ابزاری مناسب در کنترل طول دوره مراحل فنولوژیک به منظور بهینه‌سازی شرایط اقلیمی و به حداقل رساندن عوارض تنش گرما و خشکی انتهای فصل است. شاخص‌های زراعی-اقلیمی جهت بررسی فنولوژی گیاهان و ارتباط آن با عملکرد دانه مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند. در شرایط تغییر اقلیم، شـاخص‌هـای اقلیمـی کشاورزی دستخوش تغییر می‌شوند. بـا پایش ایـن شاخص‌ها مـی‌توان واکنش گیاهان زراعی به شرایط اقلیمی را در مراحل فنولوژی گیاهی مورد ارزیابی قرار داد. هدف این پژوهش واکاوی عملکرد دانه ارقام جدید گندم نان اقلیم گرم و مرطوب شمال در تاریخ کاشت‌های مختلف بر اساس شاخص‌های زراعی- اقلیمی در منطقه گنبد بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش در دو سال زراعی (1398-1396) در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی گنبد به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار انجام شد. پنج تاریخ کاشت 10 آبان، 25 آبان، 10 آذر، 25 آذر و 10 دی ماه در کرت‌های اصلی و چهار رقم بهاره گندم نان شامل احسان، تیرگان، معراج و کلاته در کرت‌های فرعی قرار گرفتند. در هر مرحله فنولوژیکی، شاخص‌های زراعی- اقلیمی شامل مجموع طول روز (DL)، فتوپریود (PPD)، مجموع درجه روزهای رشد (GDD)، مجموع واحدهای حرارتی-نوری (PTU)، مجموع واحدهای حرارتی-آفتابی (HTU)، مجموع واحدهای حرارتی-رطوبتی (HYTU)، کارایی مصرف حرارت (HUE)، کارایی مصرف حرارتی-آفتابی (HTUE)، کارایی مصرف حرارتی-نوری (PTUE) و کارایی مصرف حرارتی-رطوبتی (HYTUE) محاسبه شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که عملکرد دانه در تاریخ کاشت‌های دوم (25 آبان) و سوم (10 آذر) تفاوت معنی‌داری با هم نداشت (به ترتیب 3/5708 و 4/5626 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و به طور معنی‌‌داری بیشتر از سایر تاریخ‌های کاشت بود. طول دوره پر شدن دانه، تعداد سنلبه در متر مربع و تعداد دانه در سنبله در سه تاریخ کاشت ابتدایی تفاوت معنی‌داری با هم نداشتند. طی پرشدن دانه، تاریخ کاشت سوم بیشترین مقادیر را از نظر شاخص‌های زراعی- اقلیمی شامل مجموع درجه روزهای رشد (GDD)، مجموع طول روز (DL)، مجموع واحد حرارتی-نوری (PTU)، مجموع واحد حرارتی-رطوبتی (HYTU) را به خود اختصاص داد. در حالی که تاریخ کاشت دوم حداکثر کارایی مصرف حرارت (HUE)، کارایی مصرف حرارتی-آفتابی (HTUE)، کارایی مصرف حرارتی-نوری (PTUE) و کارایی مصرف حرارتی-رطوبتی (HYTUE) را دارا بود. عملکرد دانه رقم کلاته (8/5269 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و تعداد سنبله در متر مربع این رقم (17/330) بطور معنی‌داری بیشتر از سایر ارقام (تیرگان، معراج و احسان) بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: تاریخ کاشت‌های دوم و سوم شرایط مطلوبی از نظر ارتفاع گیاه و مقاومت به خوابیدگی برای ارقام مختلف فراهم کرد. همچنین دو تاریخ کاشت مذکور، شرایطی بهینه از نظر مجموع پارامترهای اقلیمی شامل دما، طول روز، رطوبت نسبی وکارایی مصرف انرژی در طول دوره پر شدن دانه برای ارقام مختلف فراهم نمودند. عملکرد دانه در تاریخ کاشت اول به دلیل خوابیدگی شدید بوته‌ها و در تاریخ کاشت‌های چهارم و پنجم به دلیل مواجه شدن با تنش‌های گرما و خشکی انتهایی و کاهش طول دوره پر شدن دانه‌ها عملکرد دانه کاهش یافت. طول دوره رشد رقم کلاته کمتر از سایر ارقام بود (بدون تفاوت در طول دوره پر شدن دانه‌) که باعث فرار گیاه از تنش‌های گرما و خشکی انتهایی، افزایش کارایی مصرف انرژی و در نتیجه افزایش عملکرد دانه نسبت به سایر ارقام شد. بنابراین رقم کلاته برای کشت در مناطق کم باران شمالی استان گلستان در تاریخ کاشت‌های دوم و سوم بسیار مناسب و قابل توصیه است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Yield Analysis of New Bread Wheat Cultivars Based on Agro-Climatic Indices under Different Sowing Dates in Gonbad

نویسندگان [English]

  • Habiballah Soughi 1
  • Manoochehr Khodarahmi 2
  • Jabar Jafarby 1
  • Mehdi Nazari 3
1 Assistant Prof., Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran
2 Assistant Prof., Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
3 Expert, Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Determining the exact sowing date is an appropriate tool in controlling the length of the phenological stages for optimizing the climate conditions and minimizing the effects of terminal heat and drought stresses. The agro-climatic indices are used to study of plant phenology and its relationship with grain yield. Agro-climatic indices are changed under climate change conditions. The response of crops to climatic conditions can be assessed at the plant phenological stages by monitoring these indices. The aim of this study was to investigate the grain yield of new wheat cultivars related to northern warm and humid agro-climatic zone (Iran) under different sowing dates based on agro-climatic indices in Gonbad area.
Materials and methods: This experiment was conducted in Gonbad agricultural research station, Gonbad, Iran, during two cropping seasons (2017-2019) as split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Five sowing dates of 1 November, 16 November, 1 December, 16 December and 31 December were placed in main plots and four spring wheat cultivars including Ehsan, Tirgan, Meraj and Kalateh were placed as subplots. In each phenological stage, agro-climatic indices were calculated which includes total day length (DL), photoperiod (PPD), growth day degree (GDD), photo-thermal unit (PTU), helio-thermal unit (HTU), hydro-thermal unit (HYTU), heat use efficiency (HUE), helio-thermal use efficiency (HTUE), photo-thermal use efficiency (PTUE) and hydro-thermal use efficiency (HYTUE).
Results: The results showed that no significant differences were observed in grain yield of second (25 November) and third (10 December) sowing dates (5708.3 and 5626.4 kg ha-1, respectively) and their grain yield was significantly greater than other sowing dates. The grian filling period, number of spike per square meter and number of grain per spike were not significantly different in three primary sowing dates. The third sowing date had the highest values in terms of agro-climatic indices including growing degree days (GDD), day length (DL), photo-thermal units (PTU), hydro-thermal units (HYTU), during grain filling period. While, the second sowing date had maximum heat use efficiency (HUE), helio-thermal use efficiency (HTUE), photo-thermal use efficiency (PTUE) and hydro-thermal use efficiency (HYTUE). Grain yield (5269.8 kg ha-1) and number of spike per square meter (330.17) of Kalateh cultivar were significantly greater than other cultivars (Tirgan, Meraj and Ehsan).
Conclusion: The second and third sowing dates provided suitable conditions for plant height and resistance to lodging in different cultivars. Also, the two mentioned sowing dates were provided optimum conditions for different cultivars in terms of climatic parameters including temperature, day length, relative humidity and energy use efficiency, during grain filling period. The grain yield decreased due to severe plant lodging in the first sowing date and exposure to terminal heat and drought stresses and reduced the grain filling period duration in the fourth and fifth sowing dates. The growth period of Kalateh cultivar was shorter than other cultivars (no difference during grain filling period), which caused the plant to escape terminal heat and drought stresses, increasing energy use efficiency and consequently increasing grain yield compared to other cultivars. Therefore, Kalateh cultivar is very suitable and advisable for cultivation in low rainfall areas in northern Golestan province in the second and third sowing dates.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Grain yield
  • Energy use efficiency
  • Grian filling period
  • Anthesis
  • Warm and humid agro-climatic zone

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پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 28، شماره 1
فروردین 1400
صفحه 185-211

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