مطالعه اثرات ریزگردها بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی خیار، گوجه فرنگی و لوبیا

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

2 استادیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

3 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: در سال‌های اخیر پدیده ریزگردها و گرد و غبار ناشی از گرم شدن هوا و کم آب شدن یا خشک شدن منابع آبی، تولید محصولات کشاورزی و همچنین محیط زیست سالم را با چالشی جدی روبرو نموده است. ریزگردها یکی از مهم‌ترین پدیده‌های جوی و بلایای طبیعی محسوب می‌شود که جزء تغییرات اقلیمی نیز به‌شمار می‌رود و در سال‌های اخیر از سیر طبیعی خود خارج گشته و در مناطق غرب و جنوب غرب ایران در تعداد روزهای بیشتری به وقوع می‌پیوندد. از آثار مخرب ریزگردها می‌توان به کاهش نور رسیده به گیاه، کاهش عملکرد محصولات کشاورزی، کاهش حاصلخیزی خاک، اخلال در سیستم‌های مکانیکی و ارتباطات و بروز مشکلات تنفسی اشاره کرد.
مواد و روش‌ها: به‌منظور بررسی اثرات ریزگردها بر خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی و مورفولوژیکی گیاهان زراعی، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 99-1398 مزرعه در تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه کردستان واقع در دهگلان انجام شد. این آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل فاکتور ریزگردها در 2 سطح (با اعمال ریزگردها و بدون اعمال ریزگردها) و فاکتور گیاه زراعی در 3 سطح (خیار، گوجه فرنگی و لوبیا) بودند. پس از هر بار عبور سامانه گرد و غبار از استان ریزگردها با استفاده از روش‌های گزارش شده جمع‌آوری شدند. پاشش ریزگردها بر سطح گیاهان زراعی (لوبیا، گوجه فرنگی و خیار) در اواسط دوره رشد و اوایل مرحله گلدهی صورت گرفت. سپس 10 روز پس از اعمال ریزگردها، صفات فیزیولوژیکی مانند محتوی کلروفیل برگ، غلظت پروتئین محلول در برگ، میزان پرولین برگ و کربوهیدرات‌های محلول در برگ و همچنین صفات مورفولوژیکی شامل وزن برگ، وزن ساقه و ارتفاع گیاه اندازه‌گیری شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه نشان داد که تأثیر ریزگردها بر محتوی کلروفیل کل و کلروفیل a، پرولین، پروتئین و قند محلول در آب معنی‌دار بود، این در حالی بود که ریزگردها اثر معنی‌داری بر محتوی کلروفیل b و قند محلول در الکل نداشتند. همچنین نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که ریزگردها بر وزن برگ، وزن ساقه و ارتفاع خیار، گوجه فرنگی و لوبیا دارای تاثیر معنی‌دار بوده است. همچنین گیاهان مختلف از نظر وزن برگ و ارتفاع تفاوت معنی‌داری داشتند. با توجه به نتایج بدست‌آمده به طور کلی گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی بیشتر از لوبیا و خیار تحت تاثیر ریزگردها و کاهش صفات مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت که احتمالا بدلیل داشتن کرک‌های بیشتر در سطح برگ می‌باشد، هرچند در برخی صفات این نتیجه از لحاظ آماری معنی‌دار نبود. در واقع ریزگردها از طریق کاهش محتوی کلروفیل، محتوی پروتئین محلول و قندهای محلول در برگ و افزایش محتوی پرولین منجر به کاهش معنی‌دار وزن خشک برگ و ساقه در خیار، گوجه فرنگی و لوبیا و همچنین کاهش معنی‌دار ارتفاع در خیار و لوبیا شده است که این خسارت‌ها ممکن است به‌دلیل کاهش فتوسنتز در گیاهان زراعی باشد. تجزیه خوشه‌ای صفات و تیمارهای مختلف نیز نشان داد که صفات فیزیولوژیکی کربوهیدرات‌های محلول در آب و الکل همبستگی بیشتری با یکدیگر داشته و با صفت ارتفاع گیاه در یک خوشه قرار گرفتند.
نتیجه‌گیری: کاهش عملکرد محصولات در سال‌های اخیر که توسط کشاورزان گاهاً گزارش می‌شود، ممکن است به دلیل وجود ریزگردها و همچنین ممانعت این پدیده از جذب ریز مغذی‌ها از طریق محلول پاشی شده است. بنابراین پیشنهاد می‌گردد در زمانی که سامانه های گرد و غبار از منطقه عبور می‌نمایند، درصورت امکان از آبیاری بارانی جهت جلوگیری از خسارت ریزگردها استفاده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of the effects of dusts on the morphological and physiological traits of some crops

نویسندگان [English]

  • Firouzeh Sharifi Kaliani 1
  • Sirwan Babaei 2
  • Yasin ZafarSohrabpour 3
1 Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
2 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
3 M.Sc. Student, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, the phenomenon of dusts caused by global warming and dehydration or drying of water resources, agricultural production as well as an environment has confronted a serious challenge. Dusts is one of the most important atmospheric phenomena and natural disasters, which is also considered as part of climate change and in recent years has gone out of its natural course and occurs in the western and southwestern regions of Iran. The destructive effects of dusts include reduced light reaching the plant, reduced yield of agricultural products, soil fertility reduction, disruption of mechanical systems and communications and the occurrence of respiratory problems.
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effects of dust on the physiological and morphological traits of crops, a pot experiment was conducted in the field research of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, located in Dehgolan. This factorial experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experimental factors included dust at 2 levels (with and without dust) and crop at 3 levels (cucumber, tomato and bean). After crossing of each dust system through the province, the dust was collected using reported methods. Dust spraying was done on the surface of crops (beans, tomatoes and cucumbers) in the middle of the growing period and early flowering stage. Then, 10 days after application of dust, physiological traits including chlorophyll content, protein concentration, proline content and soluble carbohydrates of leaves as well as morphological traits including leaf and stem weight and plant height were measured.
Results: The results of this study showed that the effect of dust on the content of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a, proline, protein and water-soluble carbohydrate was significant, while the dust had no significant effect on the content of chlorophyll b and soluble carbohydrate in alcohol. The results also showed that dust had a significant effect on leaf and stem weight and height of cucumber, tomato and bean. Also, different plants had significant differences in leaf weight and height. According to the obtained results, in general, tomato plant had more affected by dust than beans and cucumber and most of the measured traits were reduced, which is probably due to having more hairs on the leaf surface. In fact, dust by reducing the content of chlorophyll, soluble protein and soluble carbohydrate in the leaves and increasing the content of proline leads to a significant reduction in leaf and stem dry weight in cucumbers, tomatoes and beans, as well as a significant reduction in height in cucumbers and beans. It has been suggested that these damages may be due to reduced photosynthesis in crops. Cluster analysis of different traits and treatments also showed that the physiological traits of soluble carbohydrates in water were more correlated with each other and were in the same cluster with plant height.
Conclusion: The decline in crop yields in recent years, which is sometimes reported by farmers, may be due to the presence of dust and also the inhibition of the absorption of micronutrients through foliar application. Therefore, it is recommended that when dust systems pass through the area, if possible, sprinkler irrigation would be used to prevent dust damage.
Keywords: Protein, West Iran, Sugar, Chlorophyll, Beans.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Protein
  • West Iran
  • Sugar
  • Chlorophyll
  • Beans

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پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 28، شماره 3
مهر 1400
صفحه 205-220

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