مطالعه اثر تاریخ های کاشت بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی ارقام نخود تحت شرایط دیم

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 نویسنده مسئول، بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی- باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مرکزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اراک، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا همدان، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: نخود (Cicer arietinum L.) یکی از قدیمی‌ترین گونه‌های لگوم بوده که حدود 7500 سال پیش در خاورمیانه شناسایی شده است. این گیاه نقش مهمی در تغذیه بشر به‌عنوان منبع پروتئین، انرژی، فیبر، ویتامین و مواد معدنی دارد. در بین عملیات زراعی مختلف، تاریخ کاشت مهم‌ترین عامل در دستیابی به عملکرد بهینه نخود است. تاریخ کاشت مناسب نخود از رقمی به رقم دیگر و از منطقه‌ای به منطقه دیگر به‌سبب شرایط بوم زراعی، مختلف است. کاشت زمستانه نوعی تاریخ کاشت است که از لحاظ شرایط زراعی موفقیت‌آمیز است. به‌منظور مطالعه اثر تاریخ‌های کاشت مختلف بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی نخود در شرایط دیم آزمایشی اجرا شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان (طول 35 درجه و یک دقیقه شمالی و 48 درجه و عرض 31 دقیقه شرقی و ارتفاع 1690 متر) انجام گرفت. میانگین بلند مدت (30 ساله) دمای هوا منطقه 5/12 درجه سانتی‌گراد است. میانگین بلند مدت دمای هوا در طول فصل رشد منطقه 22 درجه سانتی‌گراد است. آزمایش در فصل‌های زراعی 91-1390 و 92-1391 اجرا شد. تاریخ کاشت در چهار سطح مختلف شامل 20 دی، 20 بهمن، 20 اسفند و20 فروردین هر دو سال به‌عنوان فاکتور اصلی و سه رقم نخود شامل هاشم، آرمان و آزاد نیز سطوح فاکتور فرعی بودند. در این مطالعه اجزای عملکرد، عملکرد زیستی و دانه، درصد و عملکرد پروتئین و تعداد گره ریشه بررسی شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که اثر سال بر ویژگی‌های آزمایشی نخود معنی‌دار نبود اما، تمام صفات مورد ارزیابی تحت تأثیر تاریخ کاشت قرار گرفتند. بیشترین میزان ماده خشک کل، درصد پروتئین دانه، عملکرد دانه و عملکرد پروتئین (به‌ترتیب 33/772 گرم در متر مربع، 85/25%، 16/236 و 05/61 گرم در متر مربع) متعلق به تیمار تاریخ کاشت اول (20 دی) و رقم هاشم بود. همچنین، کمترین مقدار ماده خشک کل، درصد پروتئین دانه، عملکرد دانه و عملکرد پروتئین (به‌ترتیب 90/444 گرم در متر مربع، 17/22%، 91/75 و 83/16 گرم در متر مربع) به تیمار تاریخ کاشت آخر (20 فروردین) و رقم آزاد تعلق گرفت. بیشترین و کمترین مقدار صفات ارتفاع بوته، ارتفاع اولین غلاف، شاخص سطح برگ و تعداد گره ریشه نیز به‌ترتیب در تاریخ کاشت‌های اول (20 دی) و آخر (20 فروردین) بدست آمد که مقادیر این صفات در تاریخ کاشت 20 دی به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از سایر تاریخ‌های کاشت بودند.
نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به یافته‌های این مطالعه می‌توان نتیجه‌گیری نمود که کشت زمستانه نخود زراعی منجر به بهبود ویژگی‌های رشدی و عملکرد کمی و کیفی این گیاه می‌گردد، به‌نحویکه با افزایش دوره رشد منجر به افزایش عملکرد دانه و ماده خشک کل می‌شود. با توجه به شرایط محیطی محل اجرای آزمایش، می‌توان تاریخ کاشت 20 دی را به‌عنوان تاریخ کاشت برتر معرفی نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Study effect of sowing dates on quantitative and qualitative yield of chickpea cultivars under dryland condition

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Mohsen Seyedi 1
  • Javad Hamzei 2
1 Corresponding Author, Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Markazi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center Research and Education Center (AREEO), Arak, Iran.
2 Associate Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. E-mail: j.hamzeii@yahoo.com
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the oldest of legume species that was identified in the Middle East about 7,500 years ago. This crop had an important role for human nutrition as source of protein, energy, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Among the different agronomic practices, sowing time is the most important factor to achieving chickpea optimum yield. Chickpea Optimum sowing date is different from a cultivar to another and also from a region to another, due to agro-ecological conditions. Winter sowing is a kind of sowing date that is successful in terms of agronomic condition. In order to study of effect of different sowing dates on quantitative and qualitative yield of chickpea under dryland condition, an experiment was conducted.
Materials and methods: This experiment was done at the Agricultural Research Station Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bu-Ali Sina, Hamedan, Iran (latitude 35◦1' N, longitude 48◦31' E and 1690 m altitude). The long-term average (30 years) of region air temperature is 12.5 ° C. The long-term average of air temperature during region growing season is 22˚C. The experiment was done during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Sowing dates in four level, including 10 January, 10 February, 10 March and 9 April of both years were as main plot, and three chickpea cultivar, including Hashem, Arman and Azad were as subplot. In this study was evaluated yield component, biological and grain yield, protein percent and protein yield and root nud number.
Results: Results showed that the effect of year on chickpea experimental properties was not significant, but the all of the evaluated traits were affected by sowing dates significantly. The highest rates of total dry matter, grain protein percent, grain yield and protein yield (772.33 g m-2 and %25.85, 236.16 and 61.05 g m-2, respectively) was belonged to first sowing date (10 January) and Hashem cultivar. Also, the lowest total dry matter, grain protein percent, grain yield and protein yield (444.90 g m-2 and %22.17, 75.91 and 16.83 g m-2, respectively) was achieved at last sowing date (9 April) and Azad cultivar. The highest and lowest plant height, first sheath height, leaf area index and root nud number was achieved at the first sowing date (10 January) and final sowing date (9 April), respectively, that traits values at 10 January sowing date were significantly more than other sowing dates.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the winter cropping of chickpea leads to improvement of growth properties and quantitative and qualitative yield of this crop, as by increasing of growth period leads to increasing of grain yield and total dry matter. According to the environmental conditions of the experiment site, the sowing date of 10 January, can be considered as the best sowing date.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chickpea
  • Grain yield
  • Leaf area index
  • Sowing date
  • Total dry matter

مراجع

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پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 28، شماره 4
دی 1400
صفحه 65-83

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