ارزیابی عملکرد گل و برخی ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی گیاه دارویی بابونه (.Matricaria chamomilla L) در پاسخ به کود پتاسیم در شرایط تنش خشکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 نویسنده مسئول، دانشیار گروه زراعت، دانشگاه زابل.

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد آگرواکولوژی، دانشگاه زابل

3 استاد گروه زراعت، دانشگاه زابل

4 استادیار گروه تولیدات گیاهی، مرکز آموزش عالی کشاورزی بردسیر- دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تولید و فرآوری گیاهان دارویی به‌دلیل عوارض جانبی کمتر، روز به روز در حال افزایش است. کیفیت و کمیت گیاهان دارویی به‌طور خاصی تحت تاثیر ژنتیک، عوامل محیطی و برهمکنش آن‌ها قرار می‌گیرد. در میان عوامل محدودکننده طبیعی، کمبود آب مهم‌ترین عاملی است که به‌ویژه در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک جهان به طرق مختلف باعث محدودیت کاشت و کاهش تولید گیاهان زراعی و دارویی می‌شود. از طرفی عناصر غذایی از جمله پتاسیم می‌توانند در مقاومت گیاه به تنش‌های محیطی نقش بسزایی داشته باشند. بنابراین، این آزمایش به‌منظور بررسی اثرات تنش خشکی و کود پتاسیم بر ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی و عملکرد گیاه دارویی بابونه آلمانی (.Matricaria chamomilla L) به اجرا در آمد.
مواد و روش‌ها: به منظور بررسی اثر تنش خشکی و سطوح کود پتاسیم بر ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی گیاه بابونه، آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار در سال زراعی 95-1394 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه زابل (چاه نیمه) اجرا گردید. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل تنش خشکی در سه سطح، شاهد (90 درصد ظرفیت زراعی)، تنش متوسط (70 درصد ظرفیت زراعی)، تنش شدید (50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) به‌عنوان عامل اصلی و مقادیر مختلف کود سولفات پتاسیم در چهار سطح، عدم مصرف کود پتاسیم (شاهد)، 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم سولفات پتاسیم در هکتار به‌عنوان عامل فرعی بودند. ویژگی‌های مورد بررسی ارتفاع بوته، تعداد ساقه اصلی، وزن خشک بوته، تعداد گل در بوته، عملکرد گل خشک، میزان اسانس، درصد پتاسیم، میزان کربوهیدرات، کلروفیل کل، کاروتنوئید و پرولین بودند. تجزیه واریانس داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SAS نسخه 1/9 و مقایسه میانگین تیمارها با استفاده از آزمون چند دامنه‌ای دانکن در سطح پنج درصد انجام شد.
یافتهها: نتایج نشان داد تاثیر تنش خشکی و کود پتاسیم بر تعداد ساقه اصلی، وزن خشک بوته، تعداد گل در بوته، میزان کربوهیدرات و کاروتنوئید معنی‌دار شد. با افزایش شدت تنش خشکی به 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی به‌ترتیب تعداد ساقه و تعداد گل در بوته به میزان 08/36 و 57/39 درصد کاهش یافتند، اما با افزایش شدت تنش خشکی میزان کاروتنوئید 6/1 برابر تیمار عدم تنش و میزان کربوهیدرات‌ها 12/31 درصد نسبت به تیمار عدم تنش افزایش یافتند. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش میزان کود پتاسیم از 50 کیلوگرم به 150 کیلوگرم به ترتیب تعداد ساقه و میزان کاروتنوئید 62/1 و 44/1 برابر تیمار شاهد شدند و تعداد گل در بوته و میزان کربوهیدرات‌ها 52/30 و 20/41 درصد افزایش یافتند. نتایج نشان داد ارتفاع بوته، عملکرد گل خشک، میزان اسانس، درصد پتاسیم و پرولین به‌طور معنی‌داری تحت تاثیر برهمکنش تنش خشکی و کود پتاسیم قرار گرفتند. با افزایش شدت تنش در تیمارهای کودی کاهش در عملکرد گل خشک و افزایش در میزان پرولین مشاهده شد. استفاده از کود پتاسیم اثر مثبت معنی‌داری بر این ویژگی‌ها تحت شرایط تنش داشت به‌گونه‌ای که با افزایش میزان کود پتاسیم از صفر به 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار در تنش شدید خشکی ارتفاع بوته، عملکرد گل خشک، میزان پتاسیم و پرولین برگ به‌ترتیب 08/2، 59/1، 64/2و 95/1 برابر تیمار شاهد افزایش داشتند، درصد اسانس نیز به میزان 32/0 درصد افزایش یافت.
نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طورکلی، به‌نظر می‌رسد که کاربرد کود پتاسیم ضمن افزایش عملکرد گل، می‌تواند ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی گیاه را در شرایط تنش خشکی بهبود بخشد و خسارات ناشی از تنش خشکی و کم‌آبی را به حداقل رساند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of flower yield and some quantitative and qualitative traits of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) in response to potassium fertilizer under drought stress

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahmood Ramroodi 1
  • Fatemeh Jahanbani 2
  • Mohammad Galavi 3
  • Mohadeseh Shamsaddin saied 4
1 Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Agronomy, University of Zabol
2 M.Sc. Student of Agroecology, University of Zabol
3 Professor, Dept. of Agronomy, University of Zabol
4 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Plant Production, Agricultural Faculty of Bardsir, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: The production and processing of medicinal plants is increasing day by day due to less side effects. The quality and quantity of medicinal plants are particularly affected by genetics, environmental factors and their interaction. Among natural limiting factors, water shortage is the most important factor that, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, in various ways causes the restriction of planting and reduces the production of crops and medicinal plants. On the other hand, nutrients such as potassium can play an important role in plant resistance to environmental stresses. Therefore, this experiment was performed to investigate the effects of drought stress and potassium fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characteristics and yield of German chamomile.
Materials and methods: In order to investigate the effect of drought stress and different levels of potassium fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of chamomile, a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Field of University Research Zabol. The treatments included drought stress in three levels, control (90% Field Capacity= FC), medium stress (70% FC), severe stress (50% FC) as the main factor and different levels of potassium sulfate fertilizer in four levels, non-consumption Potassium fertilizer (control), 50, 100 and 150 kg of potassium sulfate per hectare were considered as a sub-factor. The studied traits were as follows: plant height, number of stems, plant dry weight, number of flowers per plant, yield of dried flowers, essential oil content, potassium percentage, carbohydrate content, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and proline. Data analysis of variance was performed using SAS software and version 9.1. The mean of treatments was compared using Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level of probability.
Results discussion:
The results showed that the effect of drought stress and potassium fertilizer on stem number, plant dry weight, number of flowers, carbohydrate and carotenoid content was significant. With increasing drought stress intensity to 50% FC, the number of stems and number of flowers per plant decreased by 36.08% and 39.57%, respectively, but with increasing drought stress intensity, the amount of carotenoids was 1.6 times that of non-stress treatment and the amount of carbohydrates 31.12% increase compared to non-stress treatment. The results showed that with increasing the amount of potassium fertilizer from 50 to 150 kg.ha-1, the number of stems and the concentration of carotenoids were 1.62 and 1.44 times, respectively, and the number of chamomile flowers per plant and the amount of carbohydrates were 30.52 and 41.20. Percentages increased. The results showed that plant height, dried flower yield, essential oil content, potassium percentage and proline were significantly affected by the interaction of drought stress and potassium fertilizer levels. With increasing stress intensity in all fertilizer treatments, a decrease in dried flower yield and an increase in proline content were observed. Application of potassium fertilizer had a significant positive effect on these traits under stress conditions so that by increasing the amount of potassium fertilizer from zero to 150 kg.ha-1 in severe drought stress plant height, dry flower yield, potassium and leaf proline, respectively. 2, 1.59, 2.64 and 1.95 times were control and the percentage of essential oil increased by 0.32%.
Conclusions: In general, it seems application of potassium within increase flower yield, can improve quantitative and qualitative traits of plant undser of drought stress, and decreased damages of drought stress

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Crop capacity
  • Dry flower
  • Essential oil percentage
  • Proline

مراجع

1.Abdalla, M.M. and El-Khoshabian, N.H. 2007. The influence of water stress on growth, Relative water content, Photosynthetic Pigments, some metabolic and hormonal contents of two Triticum aestivum cultivars. J. App Sci. Res.
3(12): 2062-2074.
2.Agateonovic-Kustrini, S., Ortakand, W.B., Morton, D.W. and Yusof, A.P. 2015. Rapid evaluation and comparison
of natural products and antioxidant actity in calendula, feverfew and German chamomile extracts. J. Chrom. A. 1385: 103-110.
3.Amanullah, S., Iqbal, A., Irfanullah, M., Irfanullah, M. and Hidayat, Z., 2016. Potassium management for improving growth and grain yield of maize(Zea mays L.) under moisture stress condition. Scientific Rep. 6: 34627.
4.Anjum, S.H., Xie, X., Wang L.C., Farrukh Saleem, M., Man, C. and Lei, W. 2011. Morphological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress.Afr. J. Agric. Res. 6(9): 2026-2032.
5.Arnon, A.N. 1967. Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agron. J.23: 112-121.
6.Arazmjo, E., Heidari, M. and Ganbari, A. 2010. Effect of water stress and type of fertilizer on yield and quality of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Iranin. J. Crop Sci. 12 (2): 100-111.(In Persian)
7.Babaee, K., Amini Dehaghi, M., Modares Sanavi, S.A.M. and Jabbari R. 2010. Water deficit effect on morphology, prolin content and thymol percentage of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Iranian J. Med. Arom. Plants. 26(2): 239-251. (In Persian)
8.Baghalian, K., Abdosha, S., Khaligh-Sagaroodi, F. and Paknejad, F. 2011. Physiological and morphological response to drought stress of German chamomile (Marticaria recutita L.). Plant Physic. Biol. 49: 201-207. (In Persian)
9.Bates, L.S., Waldern, R.P. and Teare, E.D. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant. Soil. 39: 205-207.
10.Bie, Z., Ito, T. and Shinohara, Y. 2004. Effects of sodium sulfate and sodium bicarbonate on the growth, gas exchange and mineral composition of lettuce. Sci. Hort. 99(3): 215-224.
11.Blum, A. 2005. Drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield potential are they compatible, dissonant, or mutually exclusive. Aust. J. Agric. 56: 1159-1168.
12.Braun, L. and Cohen, M. 2015. Herbs and Nutural Spplements, Vol. 2: An Evidence-Based Guide (Vol. 2) Elsever Health Science, 1384p.
13.Cakmak, I. 2005. The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 168: 521-530.
14.Ebrahimi, S. and Pormohammdi, A. 2010. Comprehenssion effective bittwen maricaria and black tea-dused in stabilityintants when grow their thooth. Dena Quar. Peri. 4(1): 23-30.
15.Daneshmandi, M.SH. and Azizi, M. 2010. The study on the effect of water stress and mineral zeolite on some quantity and quality characteristics of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L. var. keshkeny levelu). 6th Iranian Horticultural Science Congress. University of Guilan. (In Persian)
16.Farhoudi, R. 2012. Effect of drought stress on growth and essential oil yield of three German chamomile cultivar.
J. Essen. Oil-Bear. Plant. 17 (3): 15-22. (In Persian)
17.Farhoudi, R. 2017. Effect of drought stress on photosynthesis, essential oil content and essential oil yield of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) cultivar Perso and Cichorium intybus L. in Khuzestan climatic conditions in northern Khuzestan. J. Hort. Sci.31 (1): 122-130. (In Persian)
18.Farhoudi, R. and Maki Zadeh Tafti, M. 2013. Evaluation of the effect of drought stress on growth, yield, essential oil content and percentage of chamazolin of three chamomile (Matricaria recutitua) cultivars in Khuzestan. Iranian. J. Field Crop Res. 10(4): 735-741. (In Persian)
19.Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D. and Basra, S.M.A. 2008. Plant drought stress: Effects, mechanisms and management. Agron. Sust. Dev. 10: 1051-1059.
20.Fayez, K.A. and Bazaid, S.A. 2014. Improving drought and salinity tolerance in barley by application of salicylic acid and potassium nitrate. J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 13: 45-55.
21.Garg, A.K., Kim, J.K., Owens, T.G., Ranwala, A.P., Choi, Y.D., Kochian, L.V. and Wu, R.J. 2002. Trehalose accumulation in rice plants confers high tolerance levels to different abiotic stresses. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 99: 15898-15903.
22.Gomes-Sanchez, D., Vannozzi, G.P., Baldini, M., Tahamasebi Enferadi, S. and Dell Vedove, G. 2000. Effect of soil water availability in sunflower lines derived from interspecific crosses. Italian J. Agron. 1: 371-387.
23.Harbourne, N., Jacquier, J.C. and O’Riordan, D. 2009. Optimisation of the extraction and processing conditions of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) for incorporation into a beverage. Food Chem. 115(1): 15-19.
24.Kabata-Pendias, A. 2010, Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC press, New York.
25.Khali Poor Asbagh, J. 2006. Chamomile (Marticaria recutita L.), characters and application. Mahat J. 56: 30-33.
26.Khorasaninejad, S., Mousavi, A., Soltanloo, H., Hemmati, K. and Khalighi, A. 2011. The effect of drought stress on growth parametres, essential oil yield and constituent of peppermint. J. Med. Plant Res. 5(22): 5360-5365.(In Persian)
27.Koc, E., İslek, C. and Üstun, A.S. 2010. Effect of cold on protein, proline, phenolic compounds and chlorophyll content of two pepper (Capsicum annum L.) varieties. Gazi Uni. J. Sci. 23: 1-6.
28.Koyro, H.W. 2006. Effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis, water relations and solute composition of potential cash crop halophyte Plantago coronopus (L.). Environ. Exp. Bot. 56: 136-149.
29.Kumar, A.R. and Kumar, M. 2008. Studies on the efficacy of sulphate of potash on physiological, yield and quality parameters of Banana cv. Robusta (Cavendish-AAA). EurAsian J. Bio. Sci. 2:102-109.
30.Li, M.H., Cherubini, P., Dobbertin, M., Arend, M., Xiao, W.F. and RigIing, A. 2013. Responses of leaf nitrogen and mobile carbohydrates in different Quercus species/provenances to moderate climate changes. Plant Biol. 15: 177-184.
31.Manivel, L., Kumar, R.R., Marimuthu, S. and Venkatesalu, V. 1995. Foliar application of potassium for increasing drought tolerance in tea. J. Potassium Res. 11: 81-87.
32.Marschner, P. 2012. Marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants. 3rd Ed Academic Press, London, UK. pp: 178-189.
33.Moradi Marjane, E. and Goldani, M. 2012. Evaluation of different levels of salicylic acid on the number of growth indices of Calendula officinalis under deficit irrigation conditions. J. Environ. Stress. Crop Sci. 4(1): 33-45.
34.Munns, R. and Tester, M. 2008. Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance. J. Plant Physic. 59: 651-681.
35.Nabipour, M., Meskarabashee, M. and Yousefpour, H. 2007. The effect of water deficit on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 10(3): 421-426.
36.Omidbaigi, R. 1997. Approaches to production and processing of medicinal plants. Vol. 2. Tarrahan-e-Nashr; Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
37.Pareek, A., Suthar, M., Rathore, G.S. and Bansal, V. 2011. Fe-verfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.): A systematic review. Pharm. Rev. 5(9):103-10.
38.Petropoulos, S.A., Dimitra, D., Polissiou, M.G. and Passam, H.C. 2008. The effect of water deficient stress on the growth yield and composition of essential oils of Parsley. Sci. Hort.115: 393-397.
39.Pirzad, A., Shakiba, M.R., Zehtab, S., Mohammadi, A., Darvishzadeh, R. and Samadi, S. 2011. Effect of water stress on leaf relative water content, chlorophyll, proline and soluble carbohydrates in Marticaria chamomilla. J. Med. Plants Res.
5(12): 2483-2488. (In Persian)
40.Plaue, Z., Grava, A., Yehezkel, Ch. and Matan, E. 2004. How do salinity and water stress affect transport of water, assimilates and ions to tomato fruits? Physic. Plant. 122: 429-442.
41.Razmjoo, K., Heydarizadeh, P. and Sabzalian, M.R. 2008. Effect of salinity and drought stresses on growth parameter and essential oil content of Matricaria chamomile. Inter. J. Agric. Biol. 10: 451-454. (In Persian)
42.Rebey, I.B., Jabri-Karoui, I., Hamrouni-Sellami, I., Bourgou, S., Limam, F. and Marzouk, B. 2012. Effect of drought on the biochemical composition and antioxidant activities of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds. Indus. Crops Prod. 36: 238-245.
43.Reddy, A.R., Chaitanya, K.V. and Vivekanandan, M. 2004. Drought induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. J. Plant Physic. 161: 1189-1202.
44.Salardini, A.S. 2005. Soil Fertility. University of Tehran Press, 434.(In Persian)
45.Saeed-Akram, M., Ashraf, M. and Aisha Akram, N. 2009. Effectiveness of potassium sulfate in mitigating salt induced adverse effects on different physio biochemical attributes in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Flora. 204: 471-483.
46.Soltani Gerdfaramarzi, M.K., Omidi, H., Habibi, H., Lebaschy, M.H. and Zarezadeh, A. 2011. The effects of glycine betaine and drought stress on yield, yield components and essential oil in German chamomile genotypes in Yazd region. Iranian. J. Med. Arom. Plants. 27(2): 279-289. (In Persian)
47.Suriyan, Ch. and Chalermpol, K. 2009.  Proline accumulation, photosynthetic abilities and growth characters of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) plantlets in response to Iso-osmotic salt and water deficit stress. Agric. Sci. China. 8: 51-58.
48.Sharma, K.D. and Kuhad, M.S. 2006. Influence of potassium level and soil moisture regime on biochemical metabolites of Brassica species. Brassica J. 8: 71-74.
49.Taheri, M. 2010. Effect of drought stress on physiological and phytochemical characteristic of Cichorium intybus. J. Crop Ecoph. 2(3): 12-21. (In Persian)
50.Vendruscolo, A.C.G., Schuster, I., Pileggi, M., Scapim, C.A., Molinari, H. B.C., Marur, C.J. and Vieira, L.G.C. 2007. Stress-induced synthesis of proline confers tolerance to water deficit in transgenic wheat. J. Plant Physiol. 164: 1367-1376.
51.Vildova, A., Stolcova, M., Kloucek, N. and Orsak, P.M. 2006. Quality characterization of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) in organic and traditional agricultures. Intern. Sympo. Cham. Res. Develop. Prod. Presov, Slovak Republic. 
52.Wang, M., Zheng, Q., Shen, Q. and Guo, S. 2013. The Critical Role of Potassium in Plant Stress Response. Inter. J. Molec. Sci. 14(4): 7370-7390.
53.Zhua, Z., Lianga, Z. Hana, R. and Wang, X. 2009. Impact of fertilization on drought response in the medicinal herb Bupleurum chinense: Growth and saikosaponin production. Indust. Crop Prod. 29: 629-633.
پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 28، شماره 4
دی 1400
صفحه 159-176

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار