نمایش افتراقی تحمل به تنش حرارتی ارقام زیتون زرد و دیره براساس شاخص‌های فیزیولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی و الگوی بیان ژن‌های PPO و PAL

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 پژوهشکده میوه‌های معتدله، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

3 گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

4 مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: زیتون یکی از مهم‌ترین گونه‌های محصولات باغی ایران بوده که به‌طور وسیعی در مناطق نیمه‌گرمسیری کشور کشت می-شود. در بسیاری از این مناطق دمای هوا به ویژه در فصول تابستان تا حد ایجاد تنش حرارتی برای این گونه گیاهی بالا می‌رود. اطلاعات اندکی در خصوص تحمل ارقام و راهکارهای فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی موثر در پاسخ به تنش حرارتی در زیتون وجود دارد. لذا شناخت این راهکارها و نیز کشت ارقامی با دامنه تحمل بالا به چنین شرایطی از اهداف اصلاحی زیتون می‌باشد.

مواد و روش: به منظور مطالعه تاثیر تنش حرارتی بر تغییرات صفات فیزیولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی و الگوی بیان ژن‌های فنیل‌آلانین‌آمونیالیاز (PAL) و پلی‌فنول‌اکسیداز (PPO)، در سال 1396 آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی اجرا شد. نهال‌های یکساله حاصل از قلمه ریشه‌دار شده ارقام زیتون زرد و دیره، بعد از انتقال به اتاقک رشد مصنوعی و سازگار شدن در سه مرحله دمایی مختلف، با تیمارهای دمایی 32 (مرحله قبل از تنش، به‌مدت سه ماه)، 45 (مرحله تنش، به‌مدت یک ماه) و 36 (مرحله بعد از تنش، به‌مدت پنج روز) درجه سانتی‌گراد مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. صفات اندازه‌گیری شده شامل میزان رشد طولی تجمعی و وزن خشک شاخساره، رطوبت نسبی برگ‌ها، میزان نشت یونی، محتوی مالون‌دی‌آلدئید، حداکثر عملکرد فتوسیستم II (Fv/Fm)، حداقل فلورسنس کلروفیل (Fo)، میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های PAL و PPO و الگوی بیان ژن‌های مربوط به این دو آنزیم بودند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SAS 9.1 انجام و مقایسه میانگین داده‌ها به روش LSD در سطح احتمال یک درصد انجام شد.

یافته‌ها: نتایج مربوط به شاخص‌های رشد تجمعی و وزن خشک شاخساره، برتری نسبی رقم زرد را در مواجهه با تنش حرارتی و در مقایسه با رقم دیره نشان داد. تنش درجه حرارت بالا میزان رطوبت نسبی برگ هر دو رقم را نسبت به دوره قبل از تنش به طور معنی‌داری کاهش داد، اما این کاهش در رقم دیره با اختلاف معنی‌داری نسبت به رقم زرد محسوس‌تر بود. میزان آسیب تنش حرارتی به ساختارهای غشای سلولی که از طریق اندازه‌گیری متغیرهای نشت یونی و شاخص پراکسیداسیون چربی‌های غشاء (مالون‌دی‌آلدئید) تعیین شده بود، نشان داد تحت تنش درجه حرارت بالا، رقم زرد هم آسیب کمتری دیده بود و هم بازیافت سریع‌تری را در دوره بعد از تنش داشت. تنش حرارتی شاخص Fv/Fm را به طور معنی‌داری در دیره نسبت به زرد کاهش داد، در حالی‌که شاخص Fo در رقم دیره بطور معنی‌داری بیشتر از رقم زرد بود. میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های PPO و PAL تحت شرایط تنش حرارتی افزایش بیشتری در رقم زرد نسبت به دیره نشان داد. میزان فعالیت PPO هر دو رقم در دوره بعد از تنش نسبت به دوره تنش کاهش یافت. بررسی الگوی تظاهر ژن‌های PPO و PAL نیز افزایش بیان این ژن‌ها را در پاسخ به تنش حرراتی در هر دو رقم نشان داد. میزان بیان ژن مربوط به این آنزیم PPO و PAL در مرحله تنش در رقم زرد نسبت به دیره به ترتیب 3 و 5/1 برابر افزایش داشت.

نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که رقم زرد در مقایسه با رقم دیره تحمل نسبتا بالایی به تنش حرارتی دارد. هم‌چنین، این رقم به دنبال رفع تنش، توانایی بالایی را در بازیافت خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Differential display of heat stress tolerance of olive cultivars ‘Zard’ and ‘Direh’ based on physiological and biochemical indexes as well as PPO and PAL genes expression pattern

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Ajani 1
  • Ali Soleimani 1
  • Ali Asghar Zeinanloo 2
  • Esmaeil Seifi 3
  • Mahdi Taheri 4
1 Dept. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
2 Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran,
3 Dept. of Horticultural Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran,
4 Zanjan Agricultural and Resources Center, Zanjan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the important horticultural crops in Iran which is planted in subtropical regions. In most parts of these regions temperature, particularly during the summer, rises to the level of heat-stress for this plant species. There is a scarcity of information about the heat tolerance of olive cultivars and also about effective physiological and biochemical mechanisms by which they response to this stress. Therefore, understanding of these mechanisms and also going toward the selection and cultivation of high tolerant varieties are within the olive breeding objects.

Materials and methods: To study the impact of heat stress on physiological and biochemical traits changes as well as the expression pattern of phenylalanine amonialyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was carried out in 2017. One-year-old own-rooted olive plants cvs. Zard and Direh were transferred into the artificial growth chamber and exposed to the different thermal conditions following an adaptation period. Thermal treatments included 32 oC (referred to as the before-stress stage, for three months), 45 oC (referred to as the stress-stage, for one month), and 36 oC for five days which referred to as the after-stress stage. Different traits including cumulative shoot growth and dry weight, relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde contents (MDA), the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), the minimum chlorophyll fluorescence (Fo), PPO and PAL enzyme activities and their genes expression pattern were studied. Data were analyzed by SAS 9.1 software, and the mean comparisons were made by LSD (P ≤0.01).

Results: The findings related to growth indexes, i.e., the cumulative shoot growth and dry weight, demonstrated the relative superiority of ‘Zard’ compared with that of ‘Direh’ under heat stress. The RWC was decreased significantly in leaf samples of both cultivars in response to high temperature. However, this reduction was more pronounced in ‘Direh’. The extent of injury to cell structures, based on the measurement of EL and MDA indexes, indicated that ‘Zard’ got suffer less damage than ‘Direh’ under heat stress and also recovered itself quicker at the recovery stage. Under heat stress conditions, a more and significant decrease in terms of the Fv/Fm index was shown in ‘Direh’ compared with ‘Zard’. In contrast with the Fv/Fm , the Fo index was higher significantly in ‘Zard’. The PPO and PAL activity was increased, with pronounced effect in ‘Zard’, under heat stress condition. The activity of PPO in both cultivars was declined following the heat stress at the recovery stage. The analysis of the expression patterns of genes related to PPO and PAL revealed their up-regulation in both cultivars in response to heat stress. The relative increase of PPO and PAL genes expression in ‘Zard’ and ‘Direh’ under heat stress conditions was respectively 3 and 1.5 times more than the before-stress stage.

Conclusion: The results here showed that olive cv. Zard had relatively more tolerance to heat stress. Also, this cultivar had a high ability to recover its physiological and biochemical traits following the heat stress at the recovery stage.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Abiotic stress
  • Chlorophyll fluorescence
  • Electrolyte leakage
  • High-temperature stress
  • Olea europaea L

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پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 28، شماره 1
فروردین 1400
صفحه 65-79

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