اثر کم ‏آبیاری بر کیفیت ظاهری، پاسخ های فیزیولوژیک و کارآیی مصرف آب آلاله آسیایی ( .Ranunculus asiaticus L)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد گیاهان زینتی، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران.

2 نویسنده مسئول، استادیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران.

3 دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران.

4 استادیار پژوهشی بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان زنجان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کمبود آب یکی از مهم‏ترین تنش‏های محیطی است که بر فرآیندهای فیزیولوژیکی و رشد گیاه تأثیر منفی می‏گذارد. کم‏آبیاری از راهکار‏های مهم مدیریت در آبیاری است زیرا از طریق مواجهه گیاهان با سطوح مشخصی از تنش آبی، در مصرف آب صرفه‌جویی می‌شود. هدف از مطالعه حاضر شناسایی پاسخ‌های فیزیولوژیکی و مورفولوژیکی آلاله به سطوح مختلف کم‌آبیاری بود.
مواد و روش‎ها: آزمایش به صورت گلخانه‌ای در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار انجام شد. گیاهان با چهار رژیم آبیاری مواجهه شدند. (1) شاهد (100 درصد ظرفیت گلدان) با آبیاری کامل، که در آن محتوای آب خاک در 100 درصد ظرفیت گلدان در طول دوره رشد گیاه حفظ شد، (2) کم‎‏آبیاری ملایم (75 درصد ظرفیت گلدان)، که در آن محتوای آب خاک در 75 درصد ظرفیت گلدان حفظ شد، (3) کم‏آبیاری متوسط (50 درصد ظرفیت گلدان)، که در آن محتوای آب خاک در 50 درصد ظرفیت گلدان باقی ماند و (4) کم آبیاری شدید (25 درصد ظرفیت گلدان)، که در آن محتوای آب خاک در 25 درصد از ظرفیت گلدان حفظ شد. در این پژوهش، شاخص‌های رشدی (ارتفاع گیاه، تعداد برگ، تعداد غنچه، گل و گلبرگ، طول دمبرگ، وزن تر و خشک شاخساره و اندام زیرزمینی)، ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیکی (محتوای نسبی آب برگ و نشت یونی)، شاخص‌های فتوسنتزی (شدت تعرق، دمای برگ، میزان دی‌اکسید کربن درون سلولی و محیط)، کارآیی مصرف آب و درجه تحمل به تنش کم‌آبیاری گل آلاله مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت.
یافته‎ها: نتایج نشان داد که تنش شدید کم‎آبیاری موجب کاهش ارتفاع گیاه (5/34 درصد)، تعداد برگ (57 درصد)، طول دمبرگ (47 درصد)، تعداد غنچه گل (233 درصد)، قطر گل (23 درصد)، تعداد گلبرگ (17 درصد)، وزن‎تر و خشک اندام هوایی (59 درصد و 53 درصد)، وزن‎تر و خشک اندام زیرزمینی (69 درصد و 77 درصد) نسبت به سطح بدون تنش شد. این علائم نشان‎دهنده اثرات سوء کم‎آبیاری بر گیاه بود. در نتیجه این موضوع، بیشترین میزان دمای برگ (90/31 درجه سلیسیوس)، غلظت CO2 محیط (05/479 میکرومول بر مترمربع بر ثانیه) و غلظت CO2 درون سلولی (74/479 میکرومول بر مترمربع بر ثانیه) از سطح تنش شدید 25 درصد ظرفیت گلدان به دست آمد. گیاهانی که در معرض آبیاری کامل و تنش ملایم کم آبیاری (75 درصد ظرفیت گلدان) قرار گرفتند جوانه گل بیشتری نسبت به تنش آبی متوسط و شدید داشتند. یافته‌های آزمایش‌ نشان داد که کم آبیاری ملایم اندکی باعث کاهش ارتفاع بوته، تعداد برگ، تعداد گلبرگ و زیست توده گیاه نسبت به شرایط آبیاری کامل می‌شود. براساس نتایج، بیشترین شدت تعرق (88/0 میکرومول بر مترمربع بر ثانیه) در تنش متوسط 50 درصد ظرفیت گلدان مشاهده شد. علاوه بر این، گیاهانی که در معرض کمبود آب آبیاری قرار گرفتند، محتوای نسبی آب (RWC) کمتری نسبت به گیاهان کاملاً آبیاری شده داشتند. کم آبیاری شدید (25 درصد ظرفیت گلدان) و متوسط (50 درصد ظرفیت گلدان) باعث افزایش قابل توجهی در نشت الکترولیت شد. مشخص شد که کارآیی مصرف آب با افزایش سطح تنش آبی کاهش یافت. به‌طوری‌که در شرایط آبیاری کامل کارآیی مصرف آب بیشتر (5/37 درصد) از شرایط کم‌آبیاری متوسط و شدید بود. علاوه بر این، با اجرای کم‌آبیاری، اعمال تنش شدید 25 درصد ظرفیت گلدان موجب ذخیره آب آبیاری به میزان 78/45 درصد شد.
نتیجه‏گیری : به طور کلی نتایج نشان داد که گل آلاله حساس به تنش شدید کم‏آبیاری است و نسبت به تنش ملایم کم‌آبیاری، نیمه متحمل است. تنش ملایم کم‌آبیاری (75 درصد ظرفیت گلدان) ، اما نه متوسط یا شدید، می‏تواند برای کاهش مصرف آب اعمال شود و همچنان عملکرد اکوفیزیولوژیکی و کیفیت زینتی گل آلاله حفظ شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of deficit irrigation on visual quality, physiological responses, and water use efficiency of Ranunculus asiaticus L.

نویسندگان [English]

  • Nahid Balasemi 1
  • Zeynab Roein 2
  • Atefeh Sabouri 3
  • AhmadReza Dadras 4
1 M.Sc. Graduate, Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
2 Corresponding Author, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
3 Associate Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
4 Research Assistant Prof., Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Olive Research Station of Tarom, Zanjan, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Water scarcity is one of the major environmental stresses that adversely affect physiological processes and plant growth. Deficit irrigation (DI) is one of the important irrigation management strategies that has been proposed to conserve water, whereas plants are exposed to a certain degree of water stress. The purpose of the present study was to identify physiological and morphological responses of Ranunculus to different levels of deficit irrigation.
Materials and Methods: The pot experiment was arranged in the greenhouse in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Plants were irrigated under four water regimes included (1) the control (100% SWC), with full irrigation, in which the soil water content was maintained at 100% pot capacity throughout the plant growth period, (2) the low deficit irrigation (75% SWC) in which the soil water content was retained at 75% of the pot capacity, (3) the moderate deficit irrigation (50% SWC) in which the soil water content remained at 50% of the pot capacity, and (4) severe deficit irrigation (25% SWC) in which the soil water content maintained at 25% of the pot capacity. In this study growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, number of buds, flowers and petals, petiole length, fresh and dry weight of shoots and underground organs), physiological attributes (electrolyte leakage, relative water content), photosynthesis parameters (transpiration rate, leaf temperature, intercellular CO2 concentration, ambient CO2 concentration), water use efficiency (WUE) and degree of tolerance to deficit irrigation stress of Ranunculus plants were evaluated.
Results: The results showed that severe DI reduced plant height (34.5%), leaf number (57%), petiole length (47%), bud number (233%), flower diameter (23%), number of petals (17%), fresh and dry weight of aerial parts (59%, 53%), fresh and dry weight of underground parts (69%, 77%) compared to stress-free conditions (100% SWC). These symptoms indicated the adverse effects of deficit irrigation on the plant. As a consequence of this, leaf temperature (31.90°C), ambient CO2 concentration (479.06 µmol.m‐2.s‐1), and intracellular CO2 (479.47 µmol.m‐2.s‐1) were higher in severe DI. Plants subjected to full irrigation, and low deficit irrigation (75% SWC) had more flowers bud than moderate and severe water stress. Findings of the experiments revealed that low deficit irrigation slightly decreased the plant height, leaf number, petal number, and plant biomass than full irrigation conditions. Also, the highest transpiration rate (0.88 µmol.m‐2.s‐1) was observed at a moderate DI (50% SWC). In addition, plants submitted to an irrigation water deficit have lower values relative water content (RWC) than those of fully irrigated plants. Severe DI (25% SWC) caused a remarkable increase in electrolyte leakage followed by 50% SWC. It was found that WUE decreased with an increase in water stress levels. The WUE was higher (37.5%) in full irrigation than in moderate and severe deficit irrigation. Moreover, by implementing DI, irrigation at 25% SWC for Ranunculus plants saved 45.78% of water.
Conclusion: In general, these results show that Ranunculus is sensitive to severe deficit irrigation stress and is moderately tolerant to 75% SWC. Therefore, low deficit irrigation (75% SWC) stress, but not moderate or severe, could be imposed in Ranunculus to reduce water consumption, still maintaining plant ecophysiological performances and ornamental quality.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Intracellular CO2 concentration
  • Low deficit irrigation
  • Morphological plant responses
  • Ranunculus
  • Transpiration

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پژوهش‌های تولید گیاهی
دوره 30، شماره 1
فروردین 1402
صفحه 165-186

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